WikiCU - User contributions [en]

Gaza Solidarity Encampment

2024-08-16T21:35:11Z

Pacman: /* Reaction and effects */

{{wp-also2|2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation}}

The '''Gaza Solidarity Encampment''' of [[2024]] has been the most significant of the [[protests]] that have taken place on Columbia's [[Morningside campus]] to express support for Palestinians, condemn Israel's occupation of the Gaza strip, and demand the school's divestment from Israel following the Israel-Hamas war that started on October 7th, [[2023]]. Starting on [[April 17]], 2024, this protest was special because it took the form of an encampment where students planned to stay in tents day and night on the eastern part of [[South Lawn]] until the school met their demands. The encampment was disrupted on [[April 18]] when President [[Minouche Shafik]] authorized the [[NYPD]] to take action, but quickly was reestablished on the western part of the lawn. However, the protest escalated with the occupation of [[Hamilton Hall]] on the night of [[April 29]] and the NYPD was again called in the next night to clear both the encampment and the occupation.

=Timeline=

==April 17: The Beginning==

===Around 4 AM===
Approximately 50 tents were set up on East South Lawn. Protestors put up banners reading "Gaza Solidarity Encampment" and "Liberated Zone". A substantial NYPD presence was noted outside the university as soon as the encampment had been established.

===Morning-Noon===
Columbia President [[Minouche Shafik]] testified in the [[Congress|Congressional]] House of Representatives antisemitism probe. Her testimony, which sought to establish that she would be tougher on antisemitism (which was very broadly defined by members of the House as potentially including criticism of Israel) than it was perceived other [[Ivy League]] presidents had been, in retrospect set the tone for a harsh response on the protests that was later to take place.

===Evening===
The university begins handing out formal letters informing the students participating in the protest that if they do not stop immediately, they will be subject to sanctions up to and including suspension from the school.

==April 18: First arrests and reestablishment of the encampment==

In a letter, Shafik authorizes the [[NYPD]] to intervene. Starting at around 1PM, the NYPD's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Strategic_Response_Group NYPD's Strategic Response Group] enters the encampment and begins arresting protesters who refuse to leave. A group of Jewish counterprotesters congregated to celebrate the university's response, waving American and Israeli flags. A protest on 114th Street and Amsterdam Avenue formed, but was dispersed to allow buses with detained protesters to exit. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators recovered signage and repitched several tents. After many arrests, the lawn was cleared and obstacles were placed down by the university, presumably to prevent another encampment.

Protesters soon begin gathering on West South Lawn, continuing to chant in support of Palestine and waiving flag, but without setting up tents.

Most exterior campus gates are closed, and Public Safety Officers guard remaining entrances and restrict campus access to [[CUID]] holders. A similar practice was observed during earlier protests, but the number of open gates is now significantly lower.

In a press conference, NYC Mayor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Adams Eric Adams], alongside top New York Police Department officials, announces that police made more than 108 arrests during the sweep of the encampment.

At around 7:30 PM, the [[Student Affairs Committee]] sends out an email to all students, condemning the university's decision to bring police onto campus.

==April 19==
Protesters remained on West South Lawn.

At around 1:30 PM, University Senator Jalaj Mehta sent out an email "In collaboration with several Columbia University Student Senators" to all students, condemning the university's decision to bring police onto campus.

At around 5:45 PM, Assistant Director of Student Engagement Julia Dooley announced the cancellation of the Activities Fair scheduled for Sunday, April 21st as part of the annual [[Days on Campus]] event.

Later that day, Columbia begins issuing formal notices of interim suspension to students having participated in the encampment.

==April 20-28: Negotiations==

Negotiations with the administration took place over potential divestment or actions that could be taken in lieu of it.

During this period, major politicians also arrived on campus to engage with protesters or condemn them, including the Speaker of the House, who gave a speech on the [[Low Steps]], to many boos.

==April 29: Occupation of Hamilton==

Shafik announced that negotiations failed. That night, students occupied [[Hamilton Hall]], in a major escalation of the protests, renaming it "Hind's Hall" after a Palestinian girl who had been killed in the Gaza war. They barricaded the doors of the hall and unfurled banners that hung from the building. A second encampment was also established on [[Lewisohn]] Lawn.

==April 30: Police clear the protests==

Hamilton remained occupied during the day. A protester displayed a Palestinian flag to crowds on [[Amsterdam Avenue]] below, as those not living on campus had been locked out. They also used a pulley system to bring in food.

During this time, the university closed access to campus to those who did not live in the university dorms that were only accessible from it or who were essential workers.

By night, the university authorized [[NYPD]] to come back to campus. The police cleared Hamilton, entering both by making their way through the barricaded front door and using a truck equipped with a ladder to enter through an upper story window on Amsterdam. There were reports of violent acts committed during the clearance, including throwing one protester down a set of stairs and firing a gun.

The police also removed the encampment. Many students were arrested during these actions, and some non-students were found among their ranks.

It is difficult to confirm everything that took place during the actions as bystanders on campus, including media, were confined inside buildings for hours during the police action. The police later released their own video of the action.

=Reaction and effects=

In the immediate aftermath of the protests, the police and other actors made claims that outsiders were involved in their planning and execution that were hotly debated. The police also made some widely-ridiculed claims about supposedly nefarious objects they had found inside Hamilton, including a chain (which turned out to be from a bike lock sold by the university itself) and a copy of "A Very Short Introduction to Terrorism," which a police spokesperson appeared to believe was an instruction manual.

The [[Morningside Heights campus]] was also sealed off after the event, to much controversy. [[University Commencement]] was completely canceled and [[Class Day]]s were moved to the [[Baker Athletic Complex]]. Pass/fail grading options were offered.

More broadly, the Columbia Gaza protests garnered significant national attention. The police clearances of the protests also garnered significant national media attention. There has been significant controversy and comparisons to the legendary [[1968 protests]], which similarly ended with forceful police action. There is ongoing debate over whether the protests and police action will have an impact on Columbia's reputation, and what it might be. Some donors, such as [[Robert Kraft]], suspended contributions.

The Columbia protests were among the first such actions on a university campus to garner such attention and similar themes involving the establishment of encampments, building occupations, and police action characterized Gaza protests across the country and even world.

In August, President Shafik resigned in the wake of pressures surrounding the protest.

=Sources=
*[https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/columbia-university-protests-israel-gaza-campus.html?utm_medium=s1&utm_campaign=nym&utm_source=tw A history of the protest from New York Magazine, as compiled by Spectator journalists]
*[https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/04/17/dozens-of-protesters-occupy-south-lawn-call-for-divestment-from-israel-ahead-of-shafik-testimony/ Hundreds of protesters occupy South Lawn, call for divestment from Israel during Shafik testimony - Columbia Daily Spectator]
*[https://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/columbia-antisemitism-house-testimony/index.html Columbia University president testifies in House antisemitism probe - CNN]
*[https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/04/18/shafik-authorizes-nypd-to-sweep-gaza-solidarity-encampment-officers-in-riot-gear-arrest-over-100/ Shafik authorizes NYPD to sweep ‘Gaza Solidarity Encampment,’ officers in riot gear arrest over 100 - Columbia Daily Spectator]
*[https://www.columbiaspectator.com/city-news/2024/04/18/adams-nypd-announce-over-108-arrests-during-gaza-solidarity-encampment-sweep/ Adams, NYPD announce over 108 arrests during ‘Gaza Solidarity Encampment’ sweep - Columbia Daily Spectator]
*[https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/04/19/days-on-campus-programming-limited-following-on-campus-protests-arrests/ ‘Days on Campus’ programming limited following on-campus protests, arrests - Columbia Daily Spectator]
*[https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2024/04/19/columbia-begins-formally-notifying-students-of-suspension-for-participation-in-wednesdays-gaza-solidarity-encampment/ Columbia begins formally notifying students of suspension for participation in Wednesday’s ‘Gaza Solidarity Encampment’ - Columbia Daily Spectator]

[[Category: Protests]]

2016

2024-08-15T15:31:43Z

Pacman:

'''2016''' in Columbia history:

*A gift from Herbert and Florence Irving results in the medical campus being renamed the [[Columbia University Irving Medical Center]]

{{succession|preceded=[[2015]]|succeeded=[[2017]]|office=History of Columbia University|years=2016}}

[[Category:21st century]]

Columbia University Irving Medical Center

2024-08-15T15:31:03Z

Pacman: Pacman moved page Columbia University Medical Center to Columbia University Irving Medical Center

'''Columbia University Irving Medical Center''' (CUIMC) is the campus of Columbia's medical schools and research facilities. It is sometimes referred to as the Columbia University Health Sciences campus. The campus is located on 20 acres in the [[Washington Heights]] neighborhood of [[Manhattan]]. It is affiliated with [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital]].

The medical center was founded as '''Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center''', affiliated with what was then Presbyterian Hospital. When it opened on October 12, [[1928]], it was among the first comprehensive University Medical centers in the country.

In [[2016]], it was renamed following a gift from Herbert and Florence Irving. Herbert Irving was a co-founder and former vice-chairman of Sysco.

The land on which the center is built includes the former site of the New York Highlander's stadium. They went on to become the Yankees.

Schools Located at the Med Center include:
*[[College of Physicians and Surgeons]] (Columbia Med School)
*[[College of Dental Medicine]]
*[[Mailman School of Public Health]]
*[[School of Nursing]]

Institutions affiliated/located at the Med Center include:
* New York State Psychiatric Institute
* Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian

The Med center comprises half of Columbia's annual operating budget of approximately $2 billion. The med center also employs over 2,000 of Columbia's 3,300 faculty members.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/ Columbia University Medical Center]
* [http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/about/cumc_map.html Med Center Campus Map]

[[Category:Campuses]]
[[Category:Columbia University Medical Center]]

Columbia University Medical Center

2024-08-15T15:31:03Z

Pacman: Pacman moved page Columbia University Medical Center to Columbia University Irving Medical Center

#REDIRECT [[Columbia University Irving Medical Center]]

Columbia University Irving Medical Center

2024-08-15T15:30:46Z

Pacman:

Katrina Armstrong

2024-08-15T15:25:33Z

Pacman:

'''Katrina Armstrong''' is currently the Interim [[University President]], following the resignation of [[Minouche Shafik]] in August [[2024]]. She is also Chief Executive Officer of Columbia University [[Irving Medical Center]] and Dean of the [[Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]].

{{succession|preceded=[[Minouche Shafik]]|succeeded=incumbent|office=President of Columbia University|years=2024-}}

[[Category:University presidents|Armstrong]]
[[Category:Deans|Armstrong]]

2017

2024-08-15T15:24:33Z

Pacman:

'''2017''' in Columbia History:

*[[Jerome L. Greene Science Center]] and [[Lenfest Center for the Arts]] among the first buildings completed on the [[Manhattanville campus]]
*P. Roy and [[Diana Vagelos]] donate money for the renaming of the medical school to the [[Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]]

{{succession|preceded=[[2016]]|succeeded=[[2018]]|office=History of Columbia University|years=2017}}

[[Category:21st century]]

Diana Vagelos

2024-08-15T15:23:43Z

Pacman:

'''Diana Vagelos''' [[BC]] '[[1955|55]] is, along with her husband ([[w:P. Roy Vagelos|P. Roy Vagelos]], a [[medical school]] alumnus) one of [[Barnard College|Barnard]]'s major donors. She donated the [[Vagelos Alumnae Center]] and has donated the plurality of funds needed for the Nexus student center project, now renamed the [[Diana Center]] for her.

In [[2017]], the couple also donated money to rename the medical school the [[Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]].

[[Category:Barnard alumnae|Vagelos]]
[[Category:Class of 1955|Vagelos]]
[[Category:Donors|Vagelos]]

Diana Vagelos

2024-08-15T15:23:27Z

Pacman:

'''Diana Vagelos''' [[BC]] '[[1955|55]] is, along with her husband ([[w:P. Roy Vagelos|P. Roy Vagelos]], a [[medical school]] alumnus) one of [[Barnard College|Barnard]]'s major donors. She donated the [[Vagelos Alumnae Center]] and has donated the plurality of funds needed for the Nexus student center project, now renamed the [[Diana Center]] for her.

In [[2017]], the couple also donated money to rename the medical school the [[Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons]].

[[Category:Barnard alumnae|Vagelos]]
[[Category:Class of 1955|Vagelos]]
[[Category:Donors|Vagelos]]

Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

2024-08-15T15:22:21Z

Pacman:

{{Infobox school
|Name=Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
|Image=MedicalSeal.jpg‎
|Established=1804 (1891)
|Dean=[[Lee Goldman]]
|Degrees=[[MD]]
|Enrollment=1,004 students (2005)
|Website=[http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps/ www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps]
}}

The '''Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons''' (or '''VP&S''') is Columbia's medical school. It is affiliated with [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital]].

==History==

Medical teaching at Columbia has an over 250 year history, although it is discontinuous.

VP&S is not Columbia's original medical school. [[King's College]] established a medical school and conferred the first [[MD]] in North America in [[1770]]. The school was refounded in [[1791]] after Columbia was reopened after the war, but only lasted until [[1813]]. The original dean of medicine left Columbia and founded the renegade College of Physicians and Surgeons, competition from which led to the trustees of Columbia to fold the med school. In [[1860]], what was then just P&S became Columbia's medical department and the President of Columbia signed the degrees. In [[1891]], with Columbia University rapidly on the rise, and P&S in financial trouble at the time, a formal merger was executed, bringing the schools full circle.

It was renamed following a [[2017]] gift by [[P. Roy Vagelos]] ’54 and [[Diana Vagelos]].<ref>https://www.vagelos.columbia.edu/about-us/columbia-medicine-magazine/archives/spring-summer-2018/vp-s-news/new-name-250-year-old-school#:~:text=Roy%20Vagelos'54%20and%20Diana,and%20Surgeons%E2%80%94VP%26S%20for%20short.</ref>

==Programs==

P&S has programs in Medicine, Human Nutrition, Psychoanalytic Training and Research, Occupational Therapy, and Physical Therapy.

==Departments==
Number of faculty listed in brackets.

===Clinical health sciences departments (1667)===
# [[Anesthesiology Department]]
# [[Biomedical Informatics Department]]
# [[Dermatology Department]]
# [[Medicine Department]] (very large department)
# [[Neurological Surgery Department]]
# [[Neurology Department]]
# [[Obstetrics and Gynecology Department]]
# [[Ophthalmology Department]]
# [[Orthopedic Surgery Department]]
# [[Otolaryngology Department]]
# [[Pediatrics Department]]
# [[Psychiatry Department]]
# [[Radiation Oncology Department]]
# [[Radiology Department]]
# [[Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine Department]]
# [[Surgery Department]]
# [[Systems Biology Department]]
# [[Urology Department]]

===Basic health sciences (182)===
# [[Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Department]]
# [[Genetics and Development Department]]
# [[Microbiology and Immunoology Department]]
# [[Neuroscience Department]]
# [[Pathology and Cell Biology Department]]
# [[Pharmacology Department]]
# [[Physiology and Cellular Biophysics Department]]

[[Image:PSClassof1933.jpg|thumb|P&S Class of [[1933]]]]

{{Schools}}

[[Category:College of Physicians and Surgeons]]

Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

2024-08-15T15:22:04Z

Pacman:

{{Infobox school
|Name=Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
|Image=MedicalSeal.jpg‎
|Established=1804 (1891)
|Dean=[[Lee Goldman]]
|Degrees=[[MD]]
|Enrollment=1,004 students (2005)
|Website=[http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps/ www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps]
}}

The '''Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons''' (or '''VP&S''') is Columbia's medical school. It is affiliated with [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital]].

==History==

Medical teaching at Columbia has an over 250 year history, although it is discontinuous.

VP&S is not Columbia's original medical school. [[King's College]] established a medical school and conferred the first [[MD]] in North America in [[1770]]. The school was refounded in [[1791]] after Columbia was reopened after the war, but only lasted until [[1813]]. The original dean of medicine left Columbia and founded the renegade College of Physicians and Surgeons, competition from which led to the trustees of Columbia to fold the med school. In [[1860]], what was then just P&S became Columbia's medical department and the President of Columbia signed the degrees. In [[1891]], with Columbia University rapidly on the rise, and P&S in financial trouble at the time, a formal merger was executed, bringing the schools full circle.

It was renamed following a [[2017]] gift by [[P. Roy Vagelos]] ’54 and Diana Vagelos.<ref>https://www.vagelos.columbia.edu/about-us/columbia-medicine-magazine/archives/spring-summer-2018/vp-s-news/new-name-250-year-old-school#:~:text=Roy%20Vagelos'54%20and%20Diana,and%20Surgeons%E2%80%94VP%26S%20for%20short.</ref>

==Programs==

P&S has programs in Medicine, Human Nutrition, Psychoanalytic Training and Research, Occupational Therapy, and Physical Therapy.

==Departments==
Number of faculty listed in brackets.

===Clinical health sciences departments (1667)===
# [[Anesthesiology Department]]
# [[Biomedical Informatics Department]]
# [[Dermatology Department]]
# [[Medicine Department]] (very large department)
# [[Neurological Surgery Department]]
# [[Neurology Department]]
# [[Obstetrics and Gynecology Department]]
# [[Ophthalmology Department]]
# [[Orthopedic Surgery Department]]
# [[Otolaryngology Department]]
# [[Pediatrics Department]]
# [[Psychiatry Department]]
# [[Radiation Oncology Department]]
# [[Radiology Department]]
# [[Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine Department]]
# [[Surgery Department]]
# [[Systems Biology Department]]
# [[Urology Department]]

===Basic health sciences (182)===
# [[Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Department]]
# [[Genetics and Development Department]]
# [[Microbiology and Immunoology Department]]
# [[Neuroscience Department]]
# [[Pathology and Cell Biology Department]]
# [[Pharmacology Department]]
# [[Physiology and Cellular Biophysics Department]]

[[Image:PSClassof1933.jpg|thumb|P&S Class of [[1933]]]]

{{Schools}}

[[Category:College of Physicians and Surgeons]]

Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

2024-08-15T15:21:29Z

Pacman: Pacman moved page College of Physicians and Surgeons to Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

{{Infobox school
|Name=College of Physicians and Surgeons
|Image=MedicalSeal.jpg‎
|Established=1804 (1891)
|Dean=[[Lee Goldman]]
|Degrees=[[MD]]
|Enrollment=1,004 students (2005)
|Website=[http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps/ www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/ps]
}}

The '''Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons''' (or '''VP&S''') is Columbia's medical school. It is affiliated with [[NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital]].

==History==

Medical teaching at Columbia has an over 250 year history, although it is discontinuous.

VP&S is not Columbia's original medical school. [[King's College]] established a medical school and conferred the first [[MD]] in North America in [[1770]]. The school was refounded in [[1791]] after Columbia was reopened after the war, but only lasted until [[1813]]. The original dean of medicine left Columbia and founded the renegade College of Physicians and Surgeons, competition from which led to the trustees of Columbia to fold the med school. In [[1860]], what was then just P&S became Columbia's medical department and the President of Columbia signed the degrees. In [[1891]], with Columbia University rapidly on the rise, and P&S in financial trouble at the time, a formal merger was executed, bringing the schools full circle.

It was renamed following a [[2017]] gift by [[P. Roy Vagelos]] ’54 and Diana Vagelos.<ref>https://www.vagelos.columbia.edu/about-us/columbia-medicine-magazine/archives/spring-summer-2018/vp-s-news/new-name-250-year-old-school#:~:text=Roy%20Vagelos'54%20and%20Diana,and%20Surgeons%E2%80%94VP%26S%20for%20short.</ref>

==Programs==

P&S has programs in Medicine, Human Nutrition, Psychoanalytic Training and Research, Occupational Therapy, and Physical Therapy.

==Departments==
Number of faculty listed in brackets.

===Clinical health sciences departments (1667)===
# [[Anesthesiology Department]]
# [[Biomedical Informatics Department]]
# [[Dermatology Department]]
# [[Medicine Department]] (very large department)
# [[Neurological Surgery Department]]
# [[Neurology Department]]
# [[Obstetrics and Gynecology Department]]
# [[Ophthalmology Department]]
# [[Orthopedic Surgery Department]]
# [[Otolaryngology Department]]
# [[Pediatrics Department]]
# [[Psychiatry Department]]
# [[Radiation Oncology Department]]
# [[Radiology Department]]
# [[Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine Department]]
# [[Surgery Department]]
# [[Systems Biology Department]]
# [[Urology Department]]

===Basic health sciences (182)===
# [[Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Department]]
# [[Genetics and Development Department]]
# [[Microbiology and Immunoology Department]]
# [[Neuroscience Department]]
# [[Pathology and Cell Biology Department]]
# [[Pharmacology Department]]
# [[Physiology and Cellular Biophysics Department]]

[[Image:PSClassof1933.jpg|thumb|P&S Class of [[1933]]]]

{{Schools}}

[[Category:College of Physicians and Surgeons]]

Talk:Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

2024-08-15T15:21:29Z

Pacman: Pacman moved page Talk:College of Physicians and Surgeons to Talk:Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

Can you cite sources for the school's history? [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 13:24, 6 April 2007 (EDT)
:Paraphrased McCaughey from memory. I planned on cleaning it up eventually... [[User:Absentminded|Absentminded]] 13:26, 6 April 2007 (EDT)

College of Physicians and Surgeons

2024-08-15T15:21:29Z

Pacman: Pacman moved page College of Physicians and Surgeons to Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

#REDIRECT [[Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]]

Talk:College of Physicians and Surgeons

2024-08-15T15:21:29Z

Pacman: Pacman moved page Talk:College of Physicians and Surgeons to Talk:Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

#REDIRECT [[Talk:Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]]

Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons

2024-08-15T15:21:09Z

Pacman:

Katrina Armstrong

2024-08-15T15:17:29Z

Pacman: Created page with "'''Katrina Armstrong''' is currently the Interim University President. She is also Chief Executive Officer of Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Dean of the..."

'''Katrina Armstrong''' is currently the Interim [[University President]]. She is also Chief Executive Officer of Columbia University [[Irving Medical Center]] and Dean of the [[Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons]].

{{succession|preceded=[[Minouche Shafik]]|succeeded=incumbent|office=President of Columbia University|years=2024-}}

[[Category:University presidents|Armstrong]]
[[Category:Deans|Armstrong]]

August 14

2024-08-15T15:15:07Z

Pacman: Created page with "On '''AUgust 14th'''... == Events == * 2024 - University President Minouche Shafik resigns in the wake of the Gaza Solidarity Encampment protest controversy..."

On '''AUgust 14th'''...

== Events ==
* [[2024]] - [[University President]] [[Minouche Shafik]] resigns in the wake of the [[Gaza Solidarity Encampment]] protest controversy

{{succession|preceded=[[August 13]]|succeeded=[[August 15]]|office=Days of the Year|years=August 14}}

[[Category:Days|August 14]]

2024

2024-08-15T15:13:36Z

Pacman:

'''2024''' in Columbia History:

*April: The [[Gaza Solidarity Encampment]] protests erupt and are suppressed by the [[NYPD]] twice, the second time after an occupation of [[Hamilton Hall]]
*May: [[University Commencement]] is canceled as a result of the protests and the subsequent sealing off of the [[Morningside Heights campus]]. [[Class Day]]s are relocated to the [[Baker Athletic Complex]].
*[[August 14]]: [[Minouche Shafik]] resigns as [[University President]] in the wake of the protest controversy

{{succession|preceded=[[2023]]|succeeded=[[2025]]|office=History of Columbia University|years=2024}}

[[Category:21st century]]

2024

2024-08-15T15:13:26Z

Pacman:

'''2024''' in Columbia History:

*April: The [[Gaza Solidarity Encampment]] protests erupt and are suppressed by the [[NYPD]] twice, the second time after an occupation of [[Hamilton Hall]]
*May: [[University Commencement]] is canceled as a result of the protests and the subsequent sealing off of the [[Morningside Heights campus]]. [[Class Day]]s are relocated to the [[Baker Athletic Complex]].
*[[August]] 14: [[Minouche Shafik]] resigns as [[University President]] in the wake of the protest controversy

{{succession|preceded=[[2023]]|succeeded=[[2025]]|office=History of Columbia University|years=2024}}

[[Category:21st century]]

Minouche Shafik

2024-08-15T15:12:04Z

Pacman:

{{wp-also}}
'''Minouche Shafik''' was the [[president]] of Columbia University for a little over a year from July [[2023]] to August [[2024]]. Her real name is Nemat Talaat Shafik, but she goes by her nickname Minouche, which is a term of endearment for small cats in French related to a word for kissing. Make of this what you will.

Previously, she was an economist, serving in public roles such as deputy governor of the Bank of England, vice president of the World Bank, deputy managing director of the IMF, and head of [[LSE]]. As a result of her service, she was styled "Baroness Shafik of Camden and Alexandria" (yes, really, the UK confers aristocratic titles related to foreign places such as Shafik's native Egypt) and a member of the House of Lords. She has consequently been known as '''Baroness Shafik''' or sometimes nicknamed simply '''the Baroness'''.

Shafik's tenure was deeply controversial due to her actions calling in the [[NYPD]] to suppress the [[Gaza Solidarity Encampment]] and the occupation of [[Hamilton Hall]] in Spring [[2024]]. Her resignation was likely linked to the difficulties surrounding the protest movement and its public perception.

She has since gone back to Baronessing with an offer to complete work for the British government as a member of the House of Lords.

{{succession|preceded=[[Lee Bollinger]]|succeeded=[[Katrina Armstrong]] (interim)|office=President of Columbia University|years=2023-2024}}

[[Category:University presidents|Shafik]]
[[Category:Trustees|Shafik]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:52:47Z

Pacman: /* Methods of Counting */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university.

In the list below, we haven't been anywhere near as strict with the above standards in counting who is a legitimate affiliate, but displayed their ties to the university. Judge for yourself!

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2018]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur Ashkin]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2022]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John Clauser]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1966; Ph.D. 1969)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> ([[Barnard]] fellow, 2013 to 2015; [[Earth Institute]] director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Giorgio Parisi]] </td>
<td> (visiting scientist, 1973 to 1974) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rothman]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to 2008; part time 2008 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Julius]]</td>
<td> (postdoc, 1984? to 1989) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:49:20Z

Pacman: /* Medicine */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2018]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur Ashkin]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2022]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John Clauser]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1966; Ph.D. 1969)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> ([[Barnard]] fellow, 2013 to 2015; [[Earth Institute]] director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Giorgio Parisi]] </td>
<td> (visiting scientist, 1973 to 1974) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rothman]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to 2008; part time 2008 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Julius]]</td>
<td> (postdoc, 1984? to 1989) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:42:26Z

Pacman: /* Medicine */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2018]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur Ashkin]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2022]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John Clauser]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1966; Ph.D. 1969)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> ([[Barnard]] fellow, 2013 to 2015; [[Earth Institute]] director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Giorgio Parisi]] </td>
<td> (visiting scientist, 1973 to 1974) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rothman]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to 2008; part time 2008 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:31:46Z

Pacman: /* Physics */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2018]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur Ashkin]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2022]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John Clauser]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1966; Ph.D. 1969)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> ([[Barnard]] fellow, 2013 to 2015; [[Earth Institute]] director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Giorgio Parisi]] </td>
<td> (visiting scientist, 1973 to 1974) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:29:29Z

Pacman: /* Peace */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2018]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur Ashkin]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1947)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> ([[Barnard]] fellow, 2013 to 2015; [[Earth Institute]] director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Giorgio Parisi]] </td>
<td> (visiting scientist, 1973 to 1974) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:29:04Z

Pacman: /* Physics */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2018]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur Ashkin]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1947)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> (Barnard fellow, 2013 to 2015; Earth Institute director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Giorgio Parisi]] </td>
<td> (visiting scientist, 1973 to 1974) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:23:13Z

Pacman: /* Physics */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2018]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur Ashkin]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1947)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> (Barnard fellow, 2013 to 2015; Earth Institute director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:08:43Z

Pacman: /* Peace */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> (Barnard fellow, 2013 to 2015; Earth Institute director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Ressa]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:08:27Z

Pacman: /* Peace */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> (Barnard fellow, 2013 to 2015; Earth Institute director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> (fellow, 2023 to present; professor of practice, 2024 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:04:44Z

Pacman: /* Peace */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2011]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leymah Gbowee]] </td>
<td> (Barnard fellow, 2013 to 2015; Earth Institute director, 2017 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T21:02:21Z

Pacman: /* Literature */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Liu Xiaobo]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1989)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:59:05Z

Pacman: /* Alumni and dropouts */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:56:53Z

Pacman: /* Alumni */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni and dropouts===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:56:27Z

Pacman: /* Peace */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2020]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louise Glück]] </td>
<td> (General Studies student, 1963 to 1966)</td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:52:53Z

Pacman: /* Literature */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2010]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1975) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:32:46Z

Pacman: /* Economics */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2021]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[David Card]] </td>
<td> (visiting professor, 1990 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:23:28Z

Pacman: /* Chemistry */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1969; faculty member, 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:22:54Z

Pacman: /* Chemistry */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2023]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis E. Brus]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D. 1968, faculty member 1996-present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:16:10Z

Pacman: /* Chemistry */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2017]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joachim Frank]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2003 to present)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:08:14Z

Pacman: /* Chemistry */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2013]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Karplus]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1960 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:06:33Z

Pacman: /* Faculty and others */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Non-alumni faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Nobel Prize

2024-05-10T20:05:29Z

Pacman: /* Methods of Counting */

{{wp-also}}

The '''Nobel Prize''' is a highly prestigious academic award. It was founded by Alfred Nobel who decided to give back to the world after his dynamite creations were used to kill lots of people.

Today, many Nobel Prizes are claimed by the faculty and alumni of Columbia.

==Methods of Counting==

Universities count their Nobel Prizes in various ways, normally whatever gives them the most or the highest ranking among universities. By some accounts, Columbia has most Nobel Laureates of any university in the world. The [[University of Chicago]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] are also often at the top.

However, there is controversy in this. Columbia counts all past and present alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" of the university who have ever won a Nobel Prize in its tally. This includes such questionable names as [[Linda Buck]] (postdoctoral research fellow), who fortunately shared it with alumnus and professor [[Richard Axel]]. Another questionable choice was [[Orhan Pamuk]], whose principal pre-Nobel Columbia affiliation stemmed from the fact that he wrote a novel in a Butler reading room and gave a lecture to a mob of graduate students once. Naturally, after he won the prize, he was instantly promoted to Visiting Professor and named to the prestigious, prominent, and coherent [[Committee on Global Thought]].

However, the one thing Columbia does pretty well in terms of counting is exclude affiliates who were with the university for less than one year. Chicago, on the other hand, decides to include them, even if they were there for just a few weeks.

Understandably, schools juggle and warp the numbers to fit their goals of maximizing their Nobel yield. For example, prior to Linda Buck and Richard Axel jointly winning the 2004 Prize in Physiology, Columbia praised its number of Nobel ''Prizes''. After the Prize announcement, Columbia began to tout its number of Nobel ''Laureates'' (since Buck and Axel shared the Prize, it made for two laureates, instead of one prize). A second example is that [[Princeton]] shares Columbia's obsession with counting all alumni, faculty, and "affiliates" for the simple reason that Princeton, until post-World War II, did not have a sizable research program, and to this day is primarily an undergraduate institution.

The Nobel authorities seem to count university affiliation by the institution the laureate was affiliated with at the time of the award-winning announcement<ref>http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html</ref>, a standard that [[Harvard]] adheres to. Nonetheless, a sizable community of purists believes that university affiliation should only be awarded where the laureate conducted the prize-winning research at said university. By that "official" Nobel count, Columbia may claim a modest 17 prizes.

==Columbia-affiliated Nobel Prizes==

===Alumni===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1932]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Irving Langmuir]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1903; M.A., 1906)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John H. Northrop]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1912; M.A., 1913; Ph.D., 1915)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William H. Stein]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Roald Hoffmann]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1985]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Herbert A. Hauptman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sidney Altman]] </td>
<td> (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960 to 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William S. Knowles]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1942) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2005]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert H. Grubbs]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1968) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Lefkowitz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1962, M.D., 1966) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1971]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Simon S. Kuznets]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1923; M.A., 1924; Ph.D., 1926)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Kenneth J. Arrow]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1951)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Milton Friedman]] </td>
<td> (Researcher, 1943 to 1945; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1937 to 1940 and 1964 to 1965)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1993]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Fogel|Robert W. Fogel]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1996]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[William Vickrey|William S. Vickrey]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1937; Ph.D., 1948; faculty member, 1946 to 1996)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1997]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert C. Merton]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2012]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Alvin E. Roth]] </td>
<td> (B.S., 1971)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Peace====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1906]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Theodore Roosevelt]] </td>
<td> (Law student, 1880 to 1882)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1931]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1882; M.A., 1883; Ph.D., 1884, president of Columbia, 1902 to
1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2009]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Barack Obama]]   </td>
<td> (B.A., 1983)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1923]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert A. Millikan]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1895)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1944]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi|I. I. Rabi]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1927; faculty member, 1929 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1965]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Julian S. Schwinger]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1939)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1972]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon N. Cooper]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James Rainwater]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1941; Ph.D., 1946; faculty member, 1939 to 1986)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arno A. Penzias]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1958; Ph.D., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Val L. Fitch]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1954; faculty member, 1953 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Leon M. Lederman]] </td>
<td> (M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1951; faculty member, 1951 to 1989)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Melvin Schwartz]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1953; Ph.D., 1958; faculty member, 1958 to 1966, 1991 to 2006)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] </td>
<td> (B.A., 1935; Ph.D., 1940; faculty member, 1941 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1995]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin L. Perl]] </td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1955)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical School|Medicine]] ====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1946]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hermann J. Muller]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1910; M.A., 1911; Ph.D., 1916; faculty member, 1918 to 1920)  
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1950]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edward C. Kendall]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1908; M.A., 1909; Ph.D., 1910)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Dickinson W. Richards]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1922; M.D., 1923; faculty member, 1925 to 1973)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1958]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joshua Lederberg]]</td>
<td> (B.A., 1944; medical student, 1944-1946; faculty member, 1990 to 1999)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad E. Bloch]]</td>
<td> (Ph.D., 1938; faculty member, 1938 to 1946, 1966)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1967]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George Wald]]</td>
<td> (M.A., 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1973]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Konrad Lorenz]]</td>
<td> (Columbia College, 1922 to 1923)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruch S. Blumberg]]</td>
<td> (Grad student in Mathematics, 1946 to 1947; M.D., 1951; resident, 1951-1953; fellow 1953-1955)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1980]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Baruj Benacerraf]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1942; research scientist, 1948 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1989]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold E. Varmus]]</td>
<td> (M.D., 1966; Presbyterian Hospital staff, 1966 to 1968, University Trustee, 2002 to 2005)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Louis J. Ignarro]]</td>
<td> (B.S., 1962)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Richard Axel]]</td>
<td> (A.B., 1967; resident, fellow and research scientist, 1971 to 1978; faculty member, 1978 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

===Faculty and others===
====[[Chemistry]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1934]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Harold Clayton Urey]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1929 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1960]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willard Libby]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1941 to 1944)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2008]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Martin Chalfie]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, ? to today)   </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Economics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[George J. Stigler]] </td>
<td> (research scientist, 1942 to 1945; faculty member, 1947 to 1958)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Solow]] </td>
<td> (fellowship year, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Gary S. Becker]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1970)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1999]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Robert Mundell]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[James J. Heckman]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1970 to 1974) </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2001]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Stiglitz]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 2001 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Edmund Phelps]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====Literature====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1987]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Joseph Brodsky]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1978 to 1985)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1991]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Nadine Gordimer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1971 to 1972, 1976 to 1978, 1983)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1992]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Derek Walcott]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1979, 1981 to 1983, 1984) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Orhan Pamuk]] </td>
<td> (visiting scholar, 1985 to 1988; fellow, 2006 to present) </td>
</tr>
</table>

<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
</table>

====[[Physics]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1938]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Enrico Fermi]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1939 to 1945)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1949]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Hideki Yukawa]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1954)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Polykarp Kusch]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1937 to 1972)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1955]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Willis E. Lamb]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1938 to 1952, 1960 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1957]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Tsung Dao Lee]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1953 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1963]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1946)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1964]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Charles H. Townes]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1948 to 1961)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1975]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Aage Bohr]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1950)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1964 to 1967)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1979]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Steven Weinberg]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1957 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1981]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1949 to 1951, 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1984]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Carlo Rubbia]] </td>
<td> (postdoc at [[Nevis Laboratories]], 1958 to 1960)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1988]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Jack Steinberger]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1950 to 1970, 1985 to 1986, 1988 to 1998)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1998]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Horst Störmer]] </td>
<td> (faculty member, 1998 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2006]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[John C. Mather]] </td>
<td> (postdoc in [[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], 1974 to 1976) </td>
</tr>
</table>

====[[Medical school|Medicine]]====
<table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1933]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1904 to 1928)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1956]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Andre F. Cournand]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1935 to 1988)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1969]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Salvador E. Luria]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1940 to 1942)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1976]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]</td>
<td> (postgraduate training, 1946 to 1947)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1978]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Daniel Nathans]]</td>
<td> (intern and medical resident, 1954 to 1959)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1982]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Sune Bergström]]</td>
<td> (research fellowship, 1940 to 1941)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[1990]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[E. Donnall Thomas]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1955 to 1963)   </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2000]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Eric Kandel]]</td>
<td> (faculty member, 1974 to present) </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"> [[2004]] </td>
<td width="180"> [[Linda Buck]]</td>
<td> (postdoctoral fellow, 1980 to 1984; research scientist, 1984 to 1991) </td>
</tr>
</table>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:International awards]]
[[Category:Nobel Prize winners|*]]

Curl

2024-05-10T02:49:03Z

Pacman:

[[Image:Curl.jpg|thumb|right|''Curl'']]

'''''Curl''''' is a giant abstract metal sculpture that sits outside [[Uris Hall]]. It is said to appear to change shape as one walks past it. It is also said to resemble a dollar sign, but the resemblance may not be as clear now that the [[business school]] has moved to [[Manhattanville]].

It was sculpted by Australian minimalist artist Clement Meadmore and unveiled in [[1968]].

[[Category:Sculptures]]

Alma Mater

2024-05-10T02:44:32Z

Pacman:

{{wp-also2|Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)}}

[[Image:AlmaMater.jpg|thumb|180px|Alma Mater]]
[[Image:CubanAlma.jpg|thumb|180px|Alma Mater at the University of Havana. Credit: Vaughn Scriven Photography]]
[[Image:AlmaBackDesign.jpg|thumb|240px|The design stamped on the back of Alma Mater's chair]]

'''Alma Mater''' is literally the mother soul of the college/university. In the context of Columbia, Alma Mater almost always means the [[w:Daniel Chester French|Daniel Chester French]] sculpture that graces [[The Steps|the steps]] to [[Low Library]].

It was a gift of Mrs. Robert Goelet and Robert Goelet Jr. in memory of Robert Goelet, [[Columbia College]] Class of [[1860]], and presented in [[1903]].

Alma Mater was originally intended to be gilded, but never was. The bronze eventually oxidized and the statue was instead coated and sealed.

Rumor has it that back-up Alma Maters are kept at the ready should need arise, such as if it is bombed again (see below).

An owl is hidden in the folds of Alma Mater's robes. According to legend, the first student of each College class to find the owl would graduate Valedictorian and marry a [[Barnard College|Barnard]] woman (back when [[Columbia College]] was still all-male.)

On the back of Alma Mater's chair you'll find the [[Columbia Crown]] and [[Columbia Seal]] lightly embossed in the metal.

Columbia's Alma Mater has a sister at the University of Havana. The Cuban Alma Mater was created in [[1919]] by Mario Korbel and inspired by Columbia's Alma Mater, while Korbel was residing in New York City. More recently, it served as somewhat uncanny validation for [[Bill O'Reilly]]'s claim that Columbia is the "University of Havana North".

== Vandalism ==
Alma Mater was bombed in the spring of 1970. The New York Times of May 15, 1970 reports that "a bomb partially damaged the statue of Alma Mater at Columbia University" and "tore a hole in the side of the statue."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/15/archives/jackson-police-fire-on-students-2-killed-and-12-injured-at-womens.html ''JACKSON POLICE FIRE ON STUDENTS''], New York Times, 15 May 1970.</ref>

In fall of [[1984]], Alma Mater's crown-topped scepter was stolen.<ref>[http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19841107-01.2.15 Alma Mater robbed of scepter], Columbia Spectator, 7 November 1984</ref> Weeks later it was left with an anonymous note at the doorstep of David Drinkwater, [[Cornell]]'s dean of students.<ref>[http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19850121-01.2.3 Scepter recovered], Columbia Spectator, 21 January 1985</ref> It's unclear whether this heinous crime was perpetuated by Cornell students, or someone trying to frame Cornell. Nevertheless, shortly after the scepter's return, the statue of Ezra Cornell found itself doused in light blue paint. <ref>[http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19850515-01.2.45 Scepter returned; Alma sleeps better], Columbia Spectator, 15 May 1985</ref>

== School Song ==
In the United States, an "Alma mater" is also the [[school song]]. Columbia University's is "[[School Songs|Stand, Columbia]]", and the [[Columbia College|College]]'s is "[[School Songs|Sans Souci]]".

== External links ==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/01/alma_mater.html Nearing Her 100th Birthday, Alma Mater Receives a Much Needed Makeover (January 2003)]
* [http://www.columbiauniversitycampus.com/#/sculptures/Sculptures-2560 Columbia University Campus Photographs]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Sculptures]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Landmarks]]
[[Category:Morningside Heights campus]]

Columbia 250

2024-05-10T02:41:12Z

Pacman: /* Highlights */

[[Image:C250crest.gif|thumb|Columbia 250 Logo. This thing was EVERYWHERE.]]

[[Image:Cct2003.jpg|thumb|The September [[2003]] ''[[CCT]]'' was rebranded ''[[King's College]] Today'' in anticipation of the event]]

'''Columbia 250''', or '''C250''', or just '''CU250'''. If you haven't guessed, this was the 250th anniversary of Columbia, or, more accurately, of the foundation of [[King's College]]. It took place in [[2004]]. (Amusingly, Columbia had just celebrated its 200th anniversary in [[1989]].)

Extra funding from C250 enabled many student events to greatly expand their programming. In addition, a series of symposia and lectures brought alumni back to campus.

=== Highlights ===
*A fall concert with Wyclef Jean still high on IV drugs. Erikah Badu decided not to show up though.<ref>[http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/nov03/corner.php Thoughts on Turning 250 - Columbia college Today November 2003]</ref>
*[[Low Library]] and [[Butler Library]] lit up in trippy, bold colors[http://www.columbia.edu/help/slideshow/archive/101363.html?subject=0]
*A giant [[Low Library]]-shaped cake that no one got to eat<ref>[http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_events/look_back/cake.html Columbia Celebrates with 13 Foot Cake by "Cake Man Raven" - The Record]</ref>
*Foam [[Alma Mater]] wreath headgear[http://www.columbia.edu/help/slideshow/archive/101370.html?subject=0]
*[[Homecoming]] in retro football uniforms[http://www.columbia.edu/help/slideshow/archive/103093.html?subject=0]
*The 110th [[Varsity Show]] (with a CU250 related theme)<ref>[http://www.thevarsityshow.com/pastshowpages/2004-off-broadway-v110 110th Varsity Show - Off Broadway]</ref>
*The publication of a list of "[[Columbians Ahead of Their Time]]"
*The publication of the [[Spectator]]'s [[250 Greatest Columbia Alumni]] over the course of the year
*The unveiling of the new [[Scholar's Lion]] statue
*A very well funded [[Bacchanal]] week capped off with [[Ben Stein]] hosting the [[Last School Standing]] trivia competition
*Gratuitous C250 branding of EVERYTHING, even [[graduation robes]] and [[CUID]]s

==External links==

[http://c250.columbia.edu/ Columbia 250 Homepage]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:History]]
[[Category:One-off events]]

Scholar's Lion

2024-05-10T02:40:37Z

Pacman:

[[Image:lion.jpg|thumb|240px|The Scholar's Lion, with [[Havemeyer]] in the background ]]

[[Image:ScholarsLion.jpg|thumb|240px|From Wikipedia's article on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University Columbia University]]]

The '''Scholar's Lion''' was gifted to the university by alumnus and sculptor [[Greg Wyatt]]. Presented on [[Dean's Day]], [[April 3]], [[2004]], in honor of [[Columbia 250|Columbia's 250th anniversary]], it depicts the [[Columbia Lion]]. Wyatt is sculptor in residence at the [[St. John the Divine|Cathedral of St. John the Divine]]<ref>http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/feb01/feb01_quads5.html</ref>. The bronze lion resides in front of [[Mathematics Hall|Mathematics]] and [[Havemeyer]] facing the [[Business School]].

Initial reactions to the sculpture are immediately drawn to the lion's large bronze testicles, an anatomical feature earning the lion "Best metal testicles" 2004 by The Village Voice <ref>http://www.villagevoice.com/specials/bestof/2004/detail.php?id=4245</ref>.

After a night of drunken revelry, many a student has been photographed riding the lion's back.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.columbiauniversitycampus.com/#/sculptures/Sculptures-9332/ Columbia University Campus Photographs]

[[Category:Sculptures]]

2004

2024-05-10T02:40:11Z

Pacman: /* Spring */

[[Image:C250crest.gif|thumb|Logo of [[Columbia 250]] ]]

[[Image:FedCartoon.jpg|thumb|130px|Blacky Fun Whitey]]

[[Image:lion.jpg|thumb|130px|The Scholar's Lion]]

[[Image:Gseu3.gif|thumb|[[GSEU]] strike]]

[[Image:Westonplaza.jpg|thumb|130px|Weston Plaza]]

'''2004''' in Columbia history:

*2004 was the [[Columbia 250|250th anniversairy]] of the foundation of [[King's College]], prompting a year of celebratory events
*Howard Dean, who attended the Columbia General Studies postbac, ran for the Democratic nomination for [[President of the United States]]

==Spring==
*[[February 5]]: [[Affirmative Action Bake Sale]]
*[[February 20]]: ''[[The Fed]]'' publishes the cartoon, "[[Blacky Fun Whitey cartoon|Blacky Fun Whitey]]", bringing on campus tensions over racial tolerance to a head
*[[February 25]]: [[Facebook]] debuts at Columbia
*[[Columbia University Concerned Students of Color Protest]]
*[[Matthew Harrison]] elected President of the [[CCSC]]
*[[April 3]]: Unveiling of the [[Scholar's Lion]] on [[Dean's Day]]
*[[April 27]]: [[Chowdah]] sketch comedy group makes its debut performance at [[The West End]]
*First [[King's Ball]] held during [[Columbia College Days]]
*[[GSEU Strikes|Graduate students strike]] during finals for better pay and the right to create a union
*[[Tony Kushner]] gives a well-received address at the [[Columbia College]] [[Class Day]]

==Summer==
*August: The new [[School of Social Work Building]] opens

==Fall==
*The ''[[Columbia Spectator]]'' becomes a broadsheet and includes color photos
*CUCommunity relaunches as [[CampusNetwork]]
*Entering [[Columbia College]] freshmen of the [[CC Class of 2008|Class of 2008]] are the first to face [[Frontiers of Science]] as a mandatory [[Core Curriculum]] requirement
*Airing of the controversial documentary ''[[Columbia Unbecoming]]'', prompting the outbreak of the [[MEALAC]] scandal.
*[[Richard Axel]] awarded the [[Nobel Prize]]
*Dedication of [[Weston Plaza]] on the [[Morningside Heights campus]]
*Columbia's [[DCpp]] network is shut down after details about the system were published in a Spectator Editorial
*September: Columbia takes control of [[UTS]]' [[Knox Hall]]

==Undated==

*''Kinsey'' is filmed in [[Havemeyer 309]]
*[[CU Snacks]] begun
*Second revival of the ''[[Jester]]''
*President [[Bollinger]] announces the creation of the [[Arts Initiative]]
*[[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]] drops out of Graduate Studies, works for Rian Johnson's ''Brick'' for Johnson & Johnson and the Bogart family of New York and North Carolina.
*SIPA inaugurates its first doctoral program - the interdisciplinary Ph.D. in Sustainable Development

{{succession|preceded=[[2003]]|succeeded=[[2005]]|office=History of Columbia University|years=2004}}

[[Category:21st century]]

April 3

2024-05-10T02:39:50Z

Pacman:

On '''April 3rd'''...

*[[2004]]: The [[Scholar's Lion]] is unveiled on [[Dean's Day]]

{{succession|preceded=[[April 2]]|succeeded=[[April 4]]|office=Days of the Year|years=April 3}}

[[Category:Days|April 03]]

April 3

2024-05-10T02:39:40Z

Pacman:

On '''April 3rd'''...

*[[2004]]: The [[Scholars' Lion]] is unveiled on [[Dean's Day]]

{{succession|preceded=[[April 2]]|succeeded=[[April 4]]|office=Days of the Year|years=April 3}}

[[Category:Days|April 03]]