WikiCU - User contributions [en]

Crackdel

2012-03-31T23:01:53Z

Rab2148: Redirected page to 109 Gourmet Deli

#REDIRECT [[109 Gourmet Deli]]

Spectrum

2010-12-16T10:51:05Z

Rab2148: /* Overview */

'''Spectrum''' is the latest incarnation of the [[Columbia Daily Spectator|Spec's]] consistently abortive attempts at running a 24-hour on-campus blog. Initially, given the Spectator's blogs' troubled past, students normally mention Spectrum when discussing how long it will take for it to fail. Today, though, given the fact that Spectrum receives a comparable number of comments to [[Bwog]] (and the fact that the blog still exists), it seems like it's here to stay.<ref>http://spectrum.columbiaspectator.com/meta/spectrum-turns-1000</ref>

==Overview==
Spectrum was launched on [[March 1]], [[2010]]<ref>http://spectrum.columbiaspectator.com/meta/introducing_spectrum</ref> to much fanfare from the newspaper itself. The entire front page of that day's newspaper was devoted to promoting Spectrum,<ref>http://www.ivygateblog.com/2010/03/blog-review-specs-spectrum-joins-veritable-spectrum-of-other-blogs-across-ivy-league-spectrum/</ref> with a letter from the editors explaining the new blog:

<blockquote>Somewhere along the way, Spectator lost that playfulness. Yes, we’re a newspaper. Yes, we have some serious work to do, and we should take that work seriously. But we’re a student newspaper, not the New York Times, and part of our charge is to keep in mind our fellow students. And that means telling stories in a way that’s fun to read.

So we’re taking another crack at blogging. Unlike Spec’s previous efforts, this new blog, Spectrum, will be supported by a dedicated blog team, meaning that it’ll be updated around the clock. Our columnists, besides writing their usual biweekly columns for the paper, will be blogging as things happen. And the blog will be a fantastic place to put our best multimedia content—be on the lookout for beautiful HD video.<ref>http://spectrum.columbiaspectator.com/meta/introducing_spectrum</ref></blockquote>

Spectrum is unique among the blogs of student papers in that it's feature prominently on the front of the paper's website. The main difference between Spectrum and Spec's old blogs is, like says above, "a dedicated blog team." The newspaper's old blogs were decentralized, run piecemeal by each of the paper's different sections. Spectrum instead has a separate staff (though many of those staff members work on other parts of the paper). Like Bwog, there are daily editors who run the blog one day a week.

Like the newspaper itself, Spectrum is divided into sections. There are seven, and each are color-coded: Spectrum (blue); Opinion (red-orange); A&E (yellow); The Eye (purple); The Shaft (light orange); and Meta (black). The Spectrum tag is the general artery for Columbia-related news. A&E is arts-related content (at Columbia or around the city) that falls under the purview of the newspaper's Arts & Entertainment section. Opinion includes blog entries from Spec's columnists, webcomics, and less serious staff editorials (published on Fridays and called "Casual Friday"). The Eye is Spec's weekly magazine; on the blog, it mostly publishes videos and teasers for its magazine content. The Shaft reports on housing news and is for the most part up and running during the housings-selection process each spring. (The Shaft was actually part of Spec's previous blogging effort, SpecBlogs, and thus predates Spectrum.) Finally, Meta is meta-content: news on Spectrum and Spectator in general and advertisements for Spectator events.

==See Also==
*[[Bwog-Spectrum Relationship]]
*[[Columbia Spectator]]

==External Links==
*[http://spectrum.columbiaspectator.com/ Spectrum Main Page]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Student blogs]]

User talk:Rab2148

2008-04-22T20:19:26Z

Rab2148:

{{welcome}}

==Nonsequitur==
Why did you remove the references to the Spec articles? [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 13:35, 22 April 2008 (EDT)
: They were broken links. I looked for the actual Spec articles and the content of the Spec pieces didn't quite match up with the part of the WikiCU article that referenced it. [[User:Rab2148|Rab2148]] 14:44, 22 April 2008 (EDT)
::Ah, you're right. I forgot Spec changed its link system. And thanks for notifying me on my talk page as well. [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 15:51, 22 April 2008 (EDT)

User talk:Pacman

2008-04-22T18:48:08Z

Rab2148: /* Talk page etiquette? */ new section

== Chat ==

It would be great to have an (anonymous) chat with you [http://www.wikicu.com/chat.html here]. I'll be online this evening. I'll leave you another message on this page when I'm on. Thanks, [[User:Admin|Admin]] 14:21, 8 March 2007 (PST)

:I left a message for you at [[User talk:Admin#Chat with Pacman]]. [[User:Admin|Admin]] 00:11, 18 March 2007 (PDT)

== Logo voting ==

Hi. It would be great to decide on a logo. Could you please head over to '''[[Logo]]''' to place your vote or upload a new design. [[User:Admin|Admin]] 18:26, 18 March 2007 (EDT)

== Brown ==

Believe it or not, kids used to chant, "What's the color of horse shit? Brown! Brown!" at football games. [[User:Adolph Lewisohn|Adolph Lewisohn]] 06:39, 19 March 2007 (EDT)

==Thanks==
Very helpful edits! [[User:Ttan|Ttan]] 22:49, 1 April 2007 (EDT)

==CC Admissions==
*I removed the part about regular decision because 8.9% is the total admission rate for CC. The RD rate is even lower.
*I removed the comparisons to Harvard and Yale because they're dishonest at best, and factually wrong at worst.
*Harvard and Yale (as well Princeton, Dartmouth, and Brown) all include their engineering students in their reported statistics. Granted, this is because engineering is a division in the university, and not a separate school. You just declare an engineering major when the time comes. You're admitted to the "college" in general when you apply.
*However, Penn and Cornell are similar to Columbia in respect to having a school of engineering with separate admissions processes. Even then, both include those statistics in their overall admissions (as well as all of their other divisions...)
*Therefore to use just CC's rate in comparison with other schools' overall rate is not a fair comparison, and amounts to dishonest self-aggrandizement (in my opinion). I hope this justifies my edits.

:*Yes, come to think of it, those are very fair points. Thanks for the clarification. [[User:Reaganaut|Reaganaut]] 21:25, 6 April 2007 (EDT)

==Columbia University Statistical Abstract==
The greatest stat source ever: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/opir/abstract/ [[User:Absentminded|Absentminded]] 11:05, 9 April 2007 (EDT)

==Random Questions==
Hey, I noticed that you when you categorize things, you'll do for example '''<nowiki>[[Category:SEAS students|Weinberg]]</nowiki>''' instead of just '''<nowiki>[[Category:SEAS students]]</nowiki>'''. What does that do? Should I do that? [[User:Nonsensical|Nonsensical]] 15:47, 24 May 2007 (EDT)
:Yes, you should (with people's names, at least). That way, they're arranged on the category page by alphabetized last name, rather than first. [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 16:16, 24 May 2007 (EDT)
::Ooooh, interesting. Will do. Thanks for the tip! [[User:Nonsensical|Nonsensical]] 16:17, 24 May 2007 (EDT)

==weathermen article==
where are you getting your information for the claim that the weathermen were trying to bomb alma mater? wikipedia says they were bombing Fort Dix. [[User:Foobar|Foobar]] 08:09, 31 May 2007 (EDT)
:Here's one source, for starters: http://www.columbiaspectator.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticle&ustory_id=ce2f5cee-0b46-465b-ad83-e0600bca4d92 [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 12:26, 31 May 2007 (EDT)

You're a machine! Nice work. --[[User:Nonsensical|Nonsensical]] 03:34, 16 July 2007 (EDT)

==de Bary==

"de Bary", not "De Bary" (unless starting a sentence), and certainly not "deBary".

== thanksgiving history edits ==

these historical edits (year-by-year) are great! where are you finding this stuff?

it does make me wonder though if more things could be cited w/references so people easily can find documentation/verification or followup info. do you know: is there some sort of best practices statement by wikipedia about when a reference is necessary? [[User:Foobar|Foobar]] 07:08, 23 November 2007 (EST)
: i found wikip's best practices page: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources#When_you_add_content here] [[User:Foobar|Foobar]] 07:29, 23 November 2007 (EST)

:Not sure how to cite it, since I'm getting it all from one site: http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/Timeline1970-03.html [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 10:14, 23 November 2007 (EST)

== Dubious Columbians ==

What do you think about a "Dubious Columbians" category / article for people we like to endlessly pimp when it suits us (Lorenzo da Ponte, the Roosevelts, Alan Greenspan, Amelia Earhart, Howard Dean)?

I'd imagine this to be a great source. http://www.columbiaspectator.com/search/node/greatest+columbia+alumni

[[User:Ttan|Ttan]] 04:20, 23 January 2008 (EST)

:Don't you mean "tenuous Columbians"? I mean, we ''know'' all those people had ''some'' connection (wait...Howard Dean?) [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 13:02, 23 January 2008 (EST)
::Yeah. Post-bacc pre-med for a semester or two. One of those creepy GS people destroying the curve in Chem 1403 because they have to take 2 classes per semester instead of like, 6. [[User:Ttan|Ttan]] 13:49, 23 January 2008 (EST)

:You mean like [[Tao Tan]]? That guy was never on campus :) [[User:Jiabao|Jiabao]] 15:01, 23 January 2008 (EST)

==FYI==
[[WikiCU:Community_Portal#Crime_policy]] {{User:Reaganaut/sig}} 17:24, 20 February 2008 (EST)

==Nostalgia==
Check out the picture of [[Harry Carman]] playing baseball on south field. Reading and writing about Columbia in the 50s and early 60s makes me a little jealous. [[User:Absentminded|Absentminded]] 23:14, 24 February 2008 (EST)
:I'm not sure I'd want to be at Columbia when everyone had to wear a tie and there were no girls (I had enough of that in Catholic high school) [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 23:17, 24 February 2008 (EST)
::Point taken! But on the other hand, [[David Truman]] cut the legs out from under the college's parietal rules, so you could've spent some private time with a Barnard lass if you so pleased.

==Hi!==
*Apologies for editing articles at the same time as you! I hope I didn't get in your way... {{User:Reaganaut/sig}} 01:57, 12 April 2008 (EDT)

== Talk page etiquette? ==

I'm not exactly sure how these discussion pages work. You wrote on mine and I replied, but I don't know if you got an email notification saying so.

[[User_talk:Rab2148]]

(I just typed this to let you know that I replied, but you can delete this once you've read it.) --[[User:Rab2148|Rab2148]] 14:48, 22 April 2008 (EDT)

User talk:Rab2148

2008-04-22T18:44:12Z

Rab2148:

{{welcome}}

==Nonsequitor==
Why did you remove the references to the Spec articles? [[User:Pacman|Pacman]] 13:35, 22 April 2008 (EDT)
: They were broken links. I looked for the actual Spec articles and the content of the Spec pieces didn't quite match up with the part of the WikiCU article that referenced it. [[User:Rab2148|Rab2148]] 14:44, 22 April 2008 (EDT)

Nonsequitur

2008-04-22T07:32:41Z

Rab2148:

{{Infobox club
|Name=Nonsequitur
|Image=Nonsequitur.jpg
|Founded=[[2000]]
|Recognition=[[ABC]]
|Membership=13
|Executive board=Poonam Pai, president; Matthew Thier, business manager; Anne Epstein, treasurer; Zeena Audi and Rick Betita, musical directors
|Allocation=?
|Category=[[:Category:Performance clubs|Performance]]}}

'''Nonsequitur''' is a co-ed a cappella group.

==History==
Nonsequitur was conceived in 2000 during a callback audition for the [[Uptown Vocal]]. Auditions for Uptown Vocal had progressed until they had narrowed their selection to six male singers. One of the six auditioning, Max L. Rosenberg, a student from Columbia's [[Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], met with the other five singers, while the Uptown Vocal deliberated on whom they would select. He passed around a piece of paper, making his contact information known to the small group and requested they add their names and information to the paper. He explained that should none of them gain admittance to Uptown Vocal, they should create a new a cappella group in a different style.

The following day Rosenberg sent an email to the group of five inviting them to meet him at the student center by the piano to begin a new group.

All but the one singer who gained admittance appeared, which included Joshua Diamant, Andrew Lebwhol, Michael Marcus, and Jason Moss. Beginning with arrangements Rosenberg borrowed from an all male high school a cappella group, The Beachside Express, they began to meet and practice three times a week. Very shortly, Diamant and Marcus wrote their own arrangements and began to create the group's style.

Nonsequitur continued to maintain its intention of remaining all male; however, after several rounds of auditions and rehearsals, none of the new recruits worked out. The group became co-ed with its first woman, Rona Behar, approximately four months after its inception.

They had their first public performance that year in Westport, CT at the Java Jam at [[:w:Greens Farms Academy|Greens Farms Academy]] hosted by The Beachside Express and Harbor Blues.

Over the next several years, Nonsequitur quickly grew to include all genders and genres, eventually becoming Columbia’s hippest group, with a popular following from College Walk to the Barnard Quad to the semitic halls of the Jewish Theological Seminary.

The members come from all four undergraduate schools at the University and from all different singing backgrounds and are all united by a shared commitment to making vocal harmonies, executing killer choreographies, and looking generally attractive.

==Repertoire==
Over the years, Nonsequitur's repertoire has widened to include all types of music. The songs range from today’s pop to yesterday’s classics, from [[:w:The Four Seasons (group)|The Four Seasons]] and [[:w:Queen (band)|Queen]] to [[:w:Stevie Wonder|Stevie Wonder]] and [[:w:Michael Bublé|Michael Bublé]], and they are coming up with new and original arrangements all the time. Nonsequitur draws from a repertoire of nearly a hundred songs that have been arranged almost exclusively by members of the group. Some of the songs arranged since the group's millennial inception have "fallen" from the active repertoire to make way for new arrangements. However, the most successful and well-arranged songs from each year remain with the group as it progresses forward, leaving the undergraduate group with a repertoire of songs representing all incarnations of Nonsequitur.

==Performances and Tours==
Nonsequitur sings regularly for private parties and charity functions primarily in the Northeast ([[NYC]], [[:w:Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[:w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[:w:Boston|Boston]]). Once or twice a year, they sojourn on tours that take them to domestic locations (throughout the [[:w:East Coast|East Coast]]) and abroad touring in [[:w:Canada|Canada]] and have performed with renowned a cappella groups from across the country, including Stanford’s Fleet Street, Tufts' Jackson Jills, and UC Berkeley’s Men’s Octet. In addition, they also graced the stage in an off-Broadway production, Toxic Audio, during the fall of [[2004]]. Nonsequitur made it to the quarterfinals for the [[:w:International Championship of College A Cappella|International Championship of College A Cappella]] for both [[2007]] and [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.varsityvocals.com/icca ICCA website]</ref>

==Attire==
Nonseq performs at events ranging from the ultra-informal ("Arch sings" in the arches on Columbia's campus and the famous [[sundial]]) to the very formal. As a result, Nonsequitur has adopted several styles of performance attire, the most notable being "Blue/Black": blue shirt and black slacks or skirt or vice versa.

==The name==
Nonsequitur was named by a fan of the group, Sidney Vidaver, who would attend rehearsals. He commented to Max Rosenberg known as the "Captain", "Is everything out of your mouth a non sequitur? For example: What a beautiful song, lets go get pizza," to which the Captain replied, "Thats it!" "What?" "Let's go get pizza!" The rest is myth.

Living up to its name, the members of Nonsequitur pride themselves on their spontaneity, verve, and awesome musical abilities.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://columbiagroups.org/nonsequitur/ Nonsequitur website]

[[Category:A cappella]]

File:Nonsequitur.jpg

2008-04-22T07:27:31Z

Rab2148:

Nonsequitur

2008-04-22T07:24:35Z

Rab2148: /* Attire */

'''Nonsequitur''' is a co-ed a cappella group.

==History==
Nonsequitur was conceived in 2000 during a callback audition for the [[Uptown Vocal]]. Auditions for Uptown Vocal had progressed until they had narrowed their selection to six male singers. One of the six auditioning, Max L. Rosenberg, a student from Columbia's [[Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], met with the other five singers, while the Uptown Vocal deliberated on whom they would select. He passed around a piece of paper, making his contact information known to the small group and requested they add their names and information to the paper. He explained that should none of them gain admittance to Uptown Vocal, they should create a new a cappella group in a different style.

The following day Rosenberg sent an email to the group of five inviting them to meet him at the student center by the piano to begin a new group.

All but the one singer who gained admittance appeared, which included Joshua Diamant, Andrew Lebwhol, Michael Marcus, and Jason Moss. Beginning with arrangements Rosenberg borrowed from an all male high school a cappella group, The Beachside Express, they began to meet and practice three times a week. Very shortly, Diamant and Marcus wrote their own arrangements and began to create the group's style.

Nonsequitur continued to maintain its intention of remaining all male; however, after several rounds of auditions and rehearsals, none of the new recruits worked out. The group became co-ed with its first woman, Rona Behar, approximately four months after its inception.

They had their first public performance that year in Westport, CT at the Java Jam at [[:w:Greens Farms Academy|Greens Farms Academy]] hosted by The Beachside Express and Harbor Blues.

Over the next several years, Nonsequitur quickly grew to include all genders and genres, eventually becoming Columbia’s hippest group, with a popular following from College Walk to the Barnard Quad to the semitic halls of the Jewish Theological Seminary.

The members come from all four undergraduate schools at the University and from all different singing backgrounds and are all united by a shared commitment to making vocal harmonies, executing killer choreographies, and looking generally attractive.

==Repertoire==
Over the years, Nonsequitur's repertoire has widened to include all types of music. The songs range from today’s pop to yesterday’s classics, from [[:w:The Four Seasons (group)|The Four Seasons]] and [[:w:Queen (band)|Queen]] to [[:w:Stevie Wonder|Stevie Wonder]] and [[:w:Michael Bublé|Michael Bublé]], and they are coming up with new and original arrangements all the time. Nonsequitur draws from a repertoire of nearly a hundred songs that have been arranged almost exclusively by members of the group. Some of the songs arranged since the group's millennial inception have "fallen" from the active repertoire to make way for new arrangements. However, the most successful and well-arranged songs from each year remain with the group as it progresses forward, leaving the undergraduate group with a repertoire of songs representing all incarnations of Nonsequitur.

==Performances and Tours==
Nonsequitur sings regularly for private parties and charity functions primarily in the Northeast ([[NYC]], [[:w:Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[:w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[:w:Boston|Boston]]). Once or twice a year, they sojourn on tours that take them to domestic locations (throughout the [[:w:East Coast|East Coast]]) and abroad touring in [[:w:Canada|Canada]] and have performed with renowned a cappella groups from across the country, including Stanford’s Fleet Street, Tufts' Jackson Jills, and UC Berkeley’s Men’s Octet. In addition, they also graced the stage in an off-Broadway production, Toxic Audio, during the fall of [[2004]]. Nonsequitur made it to the quarterfinals for the [[:w:International Championship of College A Cappella|International Championship of College A Cappella]] for both [[2007]] and [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.varsityvocals.com/icca ICCA website]</ref>

==Attire==
Nonseq performs at events ranging from the ultra-informal ("Arch sings" in the arches on Columbia's campus and the famous [[sundial]]) to the very formal. As a result, Nonsequitur has adopted several styles of performance attire, the most notable being "Blue/Black": blue shirt and black slacks or skirt or vice versa.

==The name==
Nonsequitur was named by a fan of the group, Sidney Vidaver, who would attend rehearsals. He commented to Max Rosenberg known as the "Captain", "Is everything out of your mouth a non sequitur? For example: What a beautiful song, lets go get pizza," to which the Captain replied, "Thats it!" "What?" "Let's go get pizza!" The rest is myth.

Living up to its name, the members of Nonsequitur pride themselves on their spontaneity, verve, and awesome musical abilities.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://columbiagroups.org/nonsequitur/ Nonsequitur website]

[[Category:A cappella]]

Nonsequitur

2008-04-22T07:23:34Z

Rab2148: /* Repertoire */

'''Nonsequitur''' is a co-ed a cappella group.

==History==
Nonsequitur was conceived in 2000 during a callback audition for the [[Uptown Vocal]]. Auditions for Uptown Vocal had progressed until they had narrowed their selection to six male singers. One of the six auditioning, Max L. Rosenberg, a student from Columbia's [[Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], met with the other five singers, while the Uptown Vocal deliberated on whom they would select. He passed around a piece of paper, making his contact information known to the small group and requested they add their names and information to the paper. He explained that should none of them gain admittance to Uptown Vocal, they should create a new a cappella group in a different style.

The following day Rosenberg sent an email to the group of five inviting them to meet him at the student center by the piano to begin a new group.

All but the one singer who gained admittance appeared, which included Joshua Diamant, Andrew Lebwhol, Michael Marcus, and Jason Moss. Beginning with arrangements Rosenberg borrowed from an all male high school a cappella group, The Beachside Express, they began to meet and practice three times a week. Very shortly, Diamant and Marcus wrote their own arrangements and began to create the group's style.

Nonsequitur continued to maintain its intention of remaining all male; however, after several rounds of auditions and rehearsals, none of the new recruits worked out. The group became co-ed with its first woman, Rona Behar, approximately four months after its inception.

They had their first public performance that year in Westport, CT at the Java Jam at [[:w:Greens Farms Academy|Greens Farms Academy]] hosted by The Beachside Express and Harbor Blues.

Over the next several years, Nonsequitur quickly grew to include all genders and genres, eventually becoming Columbia’s hippest group, with a popular following from College Walk to the Barnard Quad to the semitic halls of the Jewish Theological Seminary.

The members come from all four undergraduate schools at the University and from all different singing backgrounds and are all united by a shared commitment to making vocal harmonies, executing killer choreographies, and looking generally attractive.

==Repertoire==
Over the years, Nonsequitur's repertoire has widened to include all types of music. The songs range from today’s pop to yesterday’s classics, from [[:w:The Four Seasons (group)|The Four Seasons]] and [[:w:Queen (band)|Queen]] to [[:w:Stevie Wonder|Stevie Wonder]] and [[:w:Michael Bublé|Michael Bublé]], and they are coming up with new and original arrangements all the time. Nonsequitur draws from a repertoire of nearly a hundred songs that have been arranged almost exclusively by members of the group. Some of the songs arranged since the group's millennial inception have "fallen" from the active repertoire to make way for new arrangements. However, the most successful and well-arranged songs from each year remain with the group as it progresses forward, leaving the undergraduate group with a repertoire of songs representing all incarnations of Nonsequitur.

==Performances and Tours==
Nonsequitur sings regularly for private parties and charity functions primarily in the Northeast ([[NYC]], [[:w:Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[:w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[:w:Boston|Boston]]). Once or twice a year, they sojourn on tours that take them to domestic locations (throughout the [[:w:East Coast|East Coast]]) and abroad touring in [[:w:Canada|Canada]] and have performed with renowned a cappella groups from across the country, including Stanford’s Fleet Street, Tufts' Jackson Jills, and UC Berkeley’s Men’s Octet. In addition, they also graced the stage in an off-Broadway production, Toxic Audio, during the fall of [[2004]]. Nonsequitur made it to the quarterfinals for the [[:w:International Championship of College A Cappella|International Championship of College A Cappella]] for both [[2007]] and [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.varsityvocals.com/icca ICCA website]</ref>

==Attire==
Nonseq performs at events ranging from the ultra-informal ("[[Arch sing]]s" in the arches on Columbia's campus and the famous [[sundial]]) to the very formal. As a result, Nonsequitur has adopted several styles of performance attire, the most notable being "Blue/Black": blue shirt and black slacks or skirt or vice versa.

==The name==
Nonsequitur was named by a fan of the group, Sidney Vidaver, who would attend rehearsals. He commented to Max Rosenberg known as the "Captain", "Is everything out of your mouth a non sequitur? For example: What a beautiful song, lets go get pizza," to which the Captain replied, "Thats it!" "What?" "Let's go get pizza!" The rest is myth.

Living up to its name, the members of Nonsequitur pride themselves on their spontaneity, verve, and awesome musical abilities.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://columbiagroups.org/nonsequitur/ Nonsequitur website]

[[Category:A cappella]]

Nonsequitur

2008-04-22T07:18:36Z

Rab2148:

'''Nonsequitur''' is a co-ed a cappella group.

==History==
Nonsequitur was conceived in 2000 during a callback audition for the [[Uptown Vocal]]. Auditions for Uptown Vocal had progressed until they had narrowed their selection to six male singers. One of the six auditioning, Max L. Rosenberg, a student from Columbia's [[Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], met with the other five singers, while the Uptown Vocal deliberated on whom they would select. He passed around a piece of paper, making his contact information known to the small group and requested they add their names and information to the paper. He explained that should none of them gain admittance to Uptown Vocal, they should create a new a cappella group in a different style.

The following day Rosenberg sent an email to the group of five inviting them to meet him at the student center by the piano to begin a new group.

All but the one singer who gained admittance appeared, which included Joshua Diamant, Andrew Lebwhol, Michael Marcus, and Jason Moss. Beginning with arrangements Rosenberg borrowed from an all male high school a cappella group, The Beachside Express, they began to meet and practice three times a week. Very shortly, Diamant and Marcus wrote their own arrangements and began to create the group's style.

Nonsequitur continued to maintain its intention of remaining all male; however, after several rounds of auditions and rehearsals, none of the new recruits worked out. The group became co-ed with its first woman, Rona Behar, approximately four months after its inception.

They had their first public performance that year in Westport, CT at the Java Jam at [[:w:Greens Farms Academy|Greens Farms Academy]] hosted by The Beachside Express and Harbor Blues.

Over the next several years, Nonsequitur quickly grew to include all genders and genres, eventually becoming Columbia’s hippest group, with a popular following from College Walk to the Barnard Quad to the semitic halls of the Jewish Theological Seminary.

The members come from all four undergraduate schools at the University and from all different singing backgrounds and are all united by a shared commitment to making vocal harmonies, executing killer choreographies, and looking generally attractive.

==Repertoire==
Over the years, Nonsequitur's repertoire has widened to include all types of music. The songs range from today’s pop to yesterday’s classics, from [[:w:Dido|Dido]] and the B52s to [[:w:Stevie Wonder|Stevie Wonder]] and [[:w:The Cars|The Cars]], and they are coming up with new and original arrangements all the time. Nonsequitur draws from a repertoire of nearly a hundred songs that have been arranged almost exclusively by members of the group. Some of the songs arranged since the group's millennial inception have "fallen" from the active repertoire to make way for new arrangements. However, the most successful and well-arranged songs from each year remain with the group as it progresses forward, leaving the undergraduate group with a repertoire of songs representing all incarnations of Nonsequitur.

==Performances and Tours==
Nonsequitur sings regularly for private parties and charity functions primarily in the Northeast ([[NYC]], [[:w:Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[:w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[:w:Boston|Boston]]). Once or twice a year, they sojourn on tours that take them to domestic locations (throughout the [[:w:East Coast|East Coast]]) and abroad touring in [[:w:Canada|Canada]] and have performed with renowned a cappella groups from across the country, including Stanford’s Fleet Street, Tufts' Jackson Jills, and UC Berkeley’s Men’s Octet. In addition, they also graced the stage in an off-Broadway production, Toxic Audio, during the fall of [[2004]]. Nonsequitur made it to the quarterfinals for the [[:w:International Championship of College A Cappella|International Championship of College A Cappella]] for both [[2007]] and [[2008]].<ref>[http://www.varsityvocals.com/icca ICCA website]</ref>

==Attire==
Nonseq performs at events ranging from the ultra-informal ("[[Arch sing]]s" in the arches on Columbia's campus and the famous [[sundial]]) to the very formal. As a result, Nonsequitur has adopted several styles of performance attire, the most notable being "Blue/Black": blue shirt and black slacks or skirt or vice versa.

==The name==
Nonsequitur was named by a fan of the group, Sidney Vidaver, who would attend rehearsals. He commented to Max Rosenberg known as the "Captain", "Is everything out of your mouth a non sequitur? For example: What a beautiful song, lets go get pizza," to which the Captain replied, "Thats it!" "What?" "Let's go get pizza!" The rest is myth.

Living up to its name, the members of Nonsequitur pride themselves on their spontaneity, verve, and awesome musical abilities.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://columbiagroups.org/nonsequitur/ Nonsequitur website]

[[Category:A cappella]]

Consilience

2008-04-22T07:11:42Z

Rab2148: Redirecting to Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development

#REDIRECT [[Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development]]

Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development

2008-04-22T07:09:22Z

Rab2148:

{{wp-also}}

== History ==
'''''Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development''''' is a global, online publication dedicated to the promotion of interdisciplinary dialogue on sustainable development.

''Consilience'' (inspired by E.O. Wilson’s [[w:Consilience:_The_Unity_of_Knowledge|book of the same title]]) has student, professor, and practitioner participation and promotes solution-oriented research. Noticeable is its cross-pollination of methodologies between disciplines as evidenced by the inaugural issue's articles exploring issues of physician migration in global health, the role of uncertainty in climate change, and human rights, and biotechnology in healthcare, among others.

[http://consiliencejournal.readux.org/?page_id=24 Issue One] of the journal features thirteen articles, including academic papers, field notes and opinion pieces. Also included is a [http://consiliencejournal.readux.org/?page_id=106 photo essay] displaying events in Afghanistan.

The ''Consilience'' launch event was conducted on February 18, 2008 in [[Low Memorial Library|Low Rotunda]] on Columbia University's campus with [[Jeffrey Sachs|Dr. Jeffrey D. Sachs]], Director of [[the Earth Institute]] at Columbia University, as the keynote speaker.

''Consilience'' is featured on the New York Times blog [http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/ "Dot Earth"], a climate change and sustainability resource written by Andrew C. Revkin.

== External links ==
* [http://www.consiliencejournal.org Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development]

[[Category:Student publications]]

Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development

2008-04-22T07:08:59Z

Rab2148:

{{wp-also}}

==History==
'''''Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development''''' is a global, online publication dedicated to the promotion of interdisciplinary dialogue on sustainable development.

''Consilience'' (inspired by E.O. Wilson’s [[w:Consilience:_The_Unity_of_Knowledge|book of the same title]]) has student, professor, and practitioner participation and promotes solution-oriented research. Noticeable is its cross-pollination of methodologies between disciplines as evidenced by the inaugural issue's articles exploring issues of physician migration in global health, the role of uncertainty in climate change, and human rights, and biotechnology in healthcare, among others.

[http://consiliencejournal.readux.org/?page_id=24 Issue One] of the journal features thirteen articles, including academic papers, field notes and opinion pieces. Also included is a [http://consiliencejournal.readux.org/?page_id=106 photo essay] displaying events in Afghanistan.

The ''Consilience'' launch event was conducted on February 18, 2008 in [[Low Memorial Library|Low Rotunda]] on Columbia University's campus with [[Jeffrey Sachs|Dr. Jeffrey D. Sachs]], Director of [[the Earth Institute]] at Columbia University, as the keynote speaker.

''Consilience'' is featured on the New York Times blog [http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/ "Dot Earth"], a climate change and sustainability resource written by Andrew C. Revkin.

== External links ==
* [http://www.consiliencejournal.org Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development]

[[Category:Student publications]]

Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development

2008-04-22T07:05:45Z

Rab2148: New page: {{wp-also}} ==History== On February 18, 2008, students at Columbia University launched the inaugural issue of [http://www.consiliencejournal.org Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable De...

{{wp-also}}

==History==
On February 18, 2008, students at Columbia University launched the inaugural issue of [http://www.consiliencejournal.org Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development]. Consilience purports to be a global, online publication dedicated to the promotion of interdisciplinary dialogue on sustainable development.

Consilience (inspired by E.O. Wilson’s [[w:Consilience:_The_Unity_of_Knowledge|book of the same title]]) has student, professor and practitioner participation and promotes solution-oriented research. Noticeable is its cross-pollination of methodologies between disciplines as evidenced by the inaugural issue's articles exploring issues of physician migration in global health, the role of uncertainty in climate change, and human rights, and biotechnology in healthcare, among others.

[http://consiliencejournal.readux.org/?page_id=24 Issue One] of the journal features thirteen articles, including academic papers, field notes and opinion pieces. Also included is a [http://consiliencejournal.readux.org/?page_id=106 photo essay] displaying events in Afghanistan.

The Consilience launch event was conducted on February 18, 2008 in [[Low Memorial Library|Low Rotunda]] on Columbia University's campus with [[Jeffrey Sachs|Dr. Jeffrey D. Sachs]], Director of [[the Earth Institute]] at Columbia University, as the keynote speaker.

Consilience is featured on the New York Times blog [http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/ "Dot Earth"], a climate change and sustainability resource written by Andrew C. Revkin.

== External links ==
* [http://www.consiliencejournal.org Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development]

[[Category:Student publications]]

Low Plaza

2008-04-19T15:42:14Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:LowPlaza.jpg|thumb|300px|Low Plaza]]
[[Image:LowPlazaOld.jpg|thumb|300px|The Front Porch]]
'''Low Plaza''', formerly known as '''South Court''', is the large open plaza between the [[Low Library]] [[The Steps|steps]] and [[College Walk]]. Sometimes called an "urban beach", the plaza is a large open space designed to resemble a Greek amphitheater. It plays host to a number of events throughout the year, including open markets in good weather, the annual [[Concert on the Steps]], and of course, [[demonstrations]]. The plaza is distinguished by its brick and limestone pattern and fountains.

Prior to the purchase of the land between 116th and 114th streets, Low Plaza served as Columbia's front porch, with visitors arriving on 116th street and stepping up to and across the elevated plaza to arrive at the institution.

[[Category:Outdoor spaces on the Morningside Heights campus]]

King's Crown (symbol)

2008-04-19T14:52:29Z

Rab2148: /* The Crown of King's College */

[[Image:UniversityCrown.gif|thumb|240px|Columbia's current Crown logo]]
The '''King's Crown''' is a common [[:Category:Symbols|symbol]] associated with Columbia. As a symbol, the crown has undergone a number of transformations and adaptations over the years. Recently, the university appears to have adopted the crown as its primary symbolic image, giving it precedence over the [[Columbia Seal|seal]] and [[University Shield|shield]] in branding. Technically speaking, usage of the crown is regulated by the [[Secretary of the University]], though in reality it's slapped on just about everything by everyone without so much as a second thought.

== The Crown of King's College ==
[[Image:1912crown.png|thumb|120px|An early rendition of the Crown, appearing in ''[[Books about Columbia|An Official Guide to Columbia University]]''(1912)]]
[[Image:CollegeCrown.png|thumb|120px|1754/[[Columbia College]] crown]]
Columbia's symbolic association with a crown dates all the way back to the days of [[King's College]], when a copper crown was affixed atop the [[flagpole]] in front of [[College Hall]], a visible symbol of the College's royal charter. Today, that crown hangs over the fireplace in the Trustees Room of [[Low Library]], above the portrait of [[Samuel Johnson]] and the cornerstone of [[College Hall]]. A sketch of the crown graces the copyright page of the 1904 sesquicentennial history of the school, [[Books about Columbia|"Columbia University: A History"]], titled perhaps erroneously, as the "Iron Crown of King's College."

The King's College Crown does not appear to correspond exactly with any of the present Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. The closest match would be [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page5165.asp?GalleryID=15&ImageID=227&Start=0 St. Edward's Crown], which would make sense since, as it was crafted in 1661 and would have been worn by [[King George II|George II]] at the time of the founding of [[King's College]]. However, the Columbia crown is notably missing the [[w:fleur de lis|fleur de lis]] present in all British royal insignia since the [[w:Norman conquest|Norman conquest]].

There is no record of when exactly the crown was first adopted as an official, or even unofficial symbol of the school. [[Frederick Keppel]], the second Dean of [[Columbia College]] wrote in his [[1914]] history of Columbia that the original King's Crown from King's College had served as the inspiration for its adoption as a symbol but provides no further details.<ref>Pg. 21, Keppel, Frederick ''Columbia'' (1914)</ref> A survey of campus architecture provides a rough time line. A visual survey of many of Columbia's early buildings turns up no appearances of the crown in any form (e.g. [[Low Library]]'s has the seal embedded in the floor, but no crown.) The chronologically first use of the crown as both 2-D image and a 3-D object on the [[Morningside Heights campus]] is on [[Alma Mater]], which was formally installed on campus in [[1903]]. The image of a crown appears in relief above the [[University Seal]] on the back of Alma Mater's chair. Alma Mater's sceptre is also capped by a version of the King's College crown. The next architectural appearance of the crown is in the lobby of [[Hamilton Hall]], where it appears on a decorative frieze along with a few other symbols, including the cupola of College Hall. Hamilton's cornerstone was laid in 1905 and the building was opened in 1907. By 1912 at the latest an image of a crown, serving as a mark of the school, had begun appearing in various school publications.

Over time the crown's basic design, with some minor variations, began appearing in various forms across campus. Outdoor instances of the crown can be seen atop the [[flagpole]] southeast of [[Low Library]] that flies the University flag (meant to be a replica of the original King's College Crown), and the 116th Street [[gates]] at both [[Broadway]] and [[Amsterdam Avenue]], atop the rotunda in [[Van Am Quad]], atop [[Alma Mater]]'s scepter, and sculpted in relief on the back of her seat as mentioned above. You can also find the KC crown around Hamilton Hall: carved into the foundation to the east and west of the entrance, depicted in stone above the doors, and depicted inside the building on the molding that wraps around the lobby. Similarly, a stone crown sits atop the entrance of [[John Jay Hall]], [[Hartley Hall]], [[Wallach Hall]], and [[Furnald Hall]]. Additionally, depictions of the KC crown design are prominent inside [[Butler Library]], where it sits atop the gates on either side of the vestibule, and can be seen in the molding running along the ceiling of Butler Lounge, and the Reading Room (209).

The distinguishable characteristics of depictions derived from the original King's College Crown include its shape (which differs from the butterfly shape of the modernized crown), and studding either along the outside of the crown or along its bands.

Today, only one direct descendant of the original King's College Crown is in regular use, and that is the [[Columbia College]] crown, so called because of its use by and association with the College. It has been in use since at least the early 1910s.<ref>The CC Crown appears on the letterhead of the Columbia Alumni News on a letter dated May 6, 1914 found in the Columbia Archives (Historical Subject Files, Section XXi: Symbols, Box 255, Folder 3).</ref> When the College uses the crown, the date '1754' usually appears just underneath it in reference to the College's founding, which has lead some to call it the '1754 Crown.'<ref>[http://cujewelry.com/gpage1.html Columbia Jewelry - Enlargements]</ref> It also serves as part of the [[Columbia Spectator]]'s logo, and appears in some unexpected locations, e.g. on the entrance to [[Mudd Hall]], where you'd expect to see the SEAS Crown instead.

Another derivative of the original KC crown design is the 'relief crown', depicting the crown at a slight angle, giving the image depth. The 'relief design' could primarily be seen on the [[Columbia Shield]], but in recent years the shield has been depicted almost exclusively with variations of the modern butterfly crown designs.

<gallery>
Image:KingsCrown.jpg|The Crown of King's College, in the Trustees Room of [[Low Library]]
Image:IronCrown.png|"Iron Crown of King's College"
Image:GateCrown.jpg|The crown atop the 116th Street Gates
Image:1911ivycrown.jpg|A crown carved into the foundation of [[Hamilton Hall]]
Image:GoldCrown.gif|A design based on the KC crown used on the rarely seen [[Hamilton Hall]] gates
Image:YearbookCrown.jpg|A crown printed on the cover of the yearbook for at least 1959-1963
Image:ColumbiaClubSeal.gif|The [[Columbia University Club of New York]] seal
Image:ReliefCrown.png|The 'relief' crown
</gallery>

== The Post-War Crown ==
[[Image:OldCrown.jpg|120px|thumb|Post-war Crown Design]]
At some point in the mid-20th century, no later than 1946<ref>There's a book published in 1946 with the 'post'-war' crown design on display in the lobby of Hamilton Hall. I can't find an earlier depiction.</ref>, Columbia began using an updated crown. Though the shape and design were clearly based on the old crown, the crown was now flat and unornamented.

This design is not particularly visible around campus in its original form except at [[Teachers College]], which has retained it to this day as its version of the crown logo. It can be seen on the cover pages of Horace Coon's [[Books about Columbia|"Columbia: Colossus on the Hudson]] (1947), the book [[Books about Columbia|"Columbia Remembered"]] (1967), and on the south face of the water tower housing atop the apartment building and offices Columbia built on the corner of Riverside Drive and St. Clair Place (560 Riverside Drive- it's best visible from Riverside Drive going North). However it occasionally shows up unexpectedly in odd places, e.g. the stone marker southwest of the rotunda on [[Van Am Quad]] recognizing the Class of 1952's 35th anniversary gift, and the Class of 2002's [[Class Day]] program.[http://www.college.columbia.edu/photos/classday2002/programcc2002.jpg]

Until the spring of [[2008]] the post-war design's most conspicuous and lasting legacy was its incorporation into the [[SEAS]] crown logo. Since 2008 SEAS has adopted an updated crown, replacing the post-war crown with the current butterfly shaped crown with crosses.

The crown that adorns the lapel of [[graduation robes]] appears to be a close derivative, though not an exact copy, of this particular design, as it's also smooth and unornamented.

<gallery>
Image:SEASCrown.png|[[SEAS]] crown
Image:TCLogo.jpg|Teachers College logo
Image:RobeLapel.jpg|Crown on the lapel of [[Graduation robes]]
Image:Placeholder.jpg|Crown atop 560 Riverside Drive
</gallery>

== The 'Butterfly' Crowns ==
At some recent point, probably within the last 20 years, Columbia decided to scrap the post-war design and revert back to a crown more faithful to the KC crown, but with a twist. The studs were re-added along the outside, and on the inside the studs became 'cut-outs', like on the Columbia College crown, but more numerous. In a departure from previous designs, the new crown featured a new shape, resembling a butterfly. The butterfly shape has been the basis of all recent crown derivations. Over time the design featured variations on the use of outer studding and inner cut-outs depending on usage.

In the mid to late 90's a cleaned up modern version of the butterfly crown began showing up in graphical form on Columbia's Website. This design wouldn't formally be adopted as part of Columbia's official branding until 2006, though there appears to be some confusion as to whether the Medical Center's 'Spaded' crown pre-dates the version with crosses that began appearing around 1996.

At some point presumably in the early 2000s, the [[Columbia University Medical Center]], known then as Health Sciences, developed a new crown design, possibly as part of its re-branding as the Medical Center. The design was mirrored the cleaned up unornamented crown design that had begun appering in the mid 1990s with one major change: in a radical departure from over a century of precedent, the Medical Center adopted a crown design without crosses. Instead the crown featured 'secularized' spades. The new spaded design was incorporated into the selection of crowns used, somewhat indiscriminately by this point, by the University. In fact it was incorporated into the University's new logo as appearing on the new [[Columbia.edu|website]] that debuted in 2003, replacing the [[university seal]] which had figured prominently in the old design, and also in other not-so-subtle ways (the rain mat in the entrance of [[Low Library]] for example). A number of individual schools adopted the new design including the [[School of Social Work]] and the [[Law School]], which junked the [[Columbia Shield]] and its own logo to do so.

However, the radical departure from history drew notice. After taking feedback into account, whoever is in charge of such things had the older crossed design that had sprouted up in the 90s and rolled out and given an official imprimatur.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/06/07/crown060728.html A Little Polishing of the Crown: Columbia's logo gets slight revision], Columbia News July 28, 2006. This Article doesn't seem to distinguish which design came first, especially considering that examples of the 'new' design appear as early as 1996 on the University website, as mentioned above.</ref>

The confused evolution of the design can be seen in the resulting usages across campus. The original studded cut-out butterfly design was used on [[CUID]]s in the late 1990s. That design without studs can still be seen on the University flag on stage in the [[Low Library]] Rotunda, which also gets trotted out onto the stage during [[University Commencement]]. The stud-less cut out design has also become the primary version of the crown used on the [[Columbia Shield]] on merchandise sold in the [[Columbia Bookstore]], having largely displaced the 'relief crown' since 2003. Meanwhile, the flag flying on the Class of 1881 [[flagpole]] is the butterfly crown with crosses, and while the University has adopted the butterfly crown with crosses as its logo, [[Student Services]] has chosen to keep the crown with spades instead.

<gallery>
Image:OrnateCrown.jpg|Cut-out butterfly crown without studding
Image:SpadedCrown.png|Spaded butterfly crown
Image:UniversityCrown.gif|Crossed butterfly crown
</gallery>

== Design Confusion ==
All the design changes, especially in recent years, has resulted in almost complete inconsistency in crown usage. This is nowhere more obvious than in the school merchandise section of the book store. All three butterfly crowns and the Columbia College crown are used on merchandise almost indiscriminately and interchangeably. This has had the greatest impact on usage of the [[Columbia Shield]], which appears throughout the store with various different crowns inside. An excellent contrast of the lack of consistency is the diploma frame section. Diploma frames that come with the Columbia Shield embossed on the frame matting feature the relief crown on the shield, whereas frames with an embedded 'medallion' with the Columbia Shield on it feature the butterfly crown with cut-outs.

This lack of precision in crown usage spills over to student usage of the crowns in designing student group logos and flyers, where any crown they can find a suitable JPG of is used.

== References ==
<references/>
*Article by John B. Pine in the "Fortnightly Bulletin" in fall 1913 (See letter from Milton Davies dated 11/11/1913 in Historical Subject Files, Series XXI: Symbols, Box 255, Folder 3)
== Additional Adaptations ==
<gallery>
Image:ccdeancrown.jpg|Crown on the [[CC]] Dean's office door, and also affixed to various plaques in [[Hamilton Hall]]. It's a copy of the crown carved in stone above the door.
Image:SAEcrown.png|The [[Columbia Society of Automotive Engineers]] crown
</gallery>

[[Category:Symbols]]

Talk:River Hall

2008-04-14T01:28:56Z

Rab2148: New page: Can we really say that River houses "exclusively seniors"? According to [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/housing/docs/returning_students/room-selection/cutoff_history.html this], the past two ...

Can we really say that River houses "exclusively seniors"? According to [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/housing/docs/returning_students/room-selection/cutoff_history.html this], the past two years have seen rising juniors and even people with point values of 16.66 picking into these rooms.

Advice for prefrosh

2007-12-12T08:43:08Z

Rab2148:

{{prefrosh}}

'''Advice for prefrosh''':

* Show up to lots of [[:Category:Student groups|club]] meetings. They're a great way to meet people and get a sense of what's available on campus and you're not obligated to join if you don't like it.
* Since Facebook was launched, every class has formed groups saying "The class of 20xx is going to show Columbia how to party!!" and friended roughly 1,000 people before setting foot on campus. You, too, have the right to do this, but you'll feel stupid come second semester.
* Ask questions. We'll be happy to answer them. Making bold statements about things you don't know that well in your first month at school (e.g. the [[Core Curriculum|Core]], or [[Columbia-Barnard relationship|Barnard]], or [[CC-SEAS relationship|SEAS]]) will only make you look silly.
* Everything you enjoy has come from the blood, sweat, and tears of your predecessors. When they bitch you out for being [[prefrosh]], it's because they've earned the right. It's part of the acceptance hazing process at Columbia. We'll learn to love you. Eventually.
* Jokes between [[CC]]/[[SEAS]] students playfully mocking the others' schools are generally taken in good fun. Jokes about [[Barnard]] are generally not.

[[Category:Prefrosh]]

Northwest Corner Building

2007-12-06T11:34:09Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:NWSRenderingFromCEPS.jpg|thumb|300px|Uh oh!]]

The '''Northwest Science Building''' has been destined by Columbia to fill the last remaining plot on the upper [[Morningside Heights campus]]. It is being built over the [[Levien Gym]] and the [[tennis courts]] between [[Pupin Hall]] and the [[Havemeyer Hall|Havemeyer]] extension. The project started on 19 March [[2007]] and should be completed by [[2010]]. Levien Gym won't be closed for the most part of the project, and [[Dodge Fitness Center]] as a whole won't close at all.

== Building description ==

The building will be on the southeast corner of Broadway and 120th St, opposite [[Barnard College|Barnard]]'s [[Nexus]]. It will be considerably taller than neighboring [[Pupin Hall|Pupin]] and [[Chandler Hall|Chandler]] Halls, though it will still connect to them via pedestrian bridges at multiple levels, similar to those connecting [[Pupin Hall|Pupin]], [[CEPSR]], and [[Seeley Mudd Hall|Mudd]].

The 188,000 square foot building will feature campus lobby, science library, lecture hall, several classrooms, faculty and administrative offices, and 7 floors of science and engineering laboratories. The street level floors are tentatively being reserved for a 120th St. lobby, lounge, [[on-campus dining locations|dining location]], and possibly an entrance to the gym.

== Design and construction ==

The lead architect is José Rafael Moneo, selected by [[Bollinger]] for his "extreme sensitivity to context".

In the 1970s, when [[Dodge Fitness Center]] was built, the [[Levien Gym]] was fitted with 4 super-columns at its corners, which would allow a building to be constructed above it without pesky additional columns. The Northwest Science Building will be constructed on these super-columns, thus placing no weight on the Levien Gym roof, allowing it to remain open.

Furthermore, the building will be insulated to reduce the impact of vibrations from the [[subway]] on the laboratory spaces.

== History of the site ==

In the early 1990s, the [[Athletics Department]] proposed a Sports Building for the site that would hold a teaching swimming pool, racquetball courts, and an international squash court. The Athletics Durector at the time, John Reeves, failed to raise any money to have the building built, and when President Bollinger took office, the Provost, Jonathan Cole, "forgot" to tell PrezBo about the planned building. PrezBo decided to build a science building instead, catching the Athletics department off guard. When all this was revealed in a ''[[Spectator]]'' investigation [citation needed], it was a minor scandal, exposing the levels of incompetence in the Athletics department, which had also failed to secure funding for a world-class aquatics facility on 121st street and Amsterdam. That failure led the University to use the site for the [[School of Social Work]] instead, leaving the Athletics department with a dilapidated Uris Pool as its only facility, and still miles behind its peers in terms of facilities provided for student athletes.

== See also ==

* [http://www.bwog.net/index.php?page=post&article_id=3340 Reactions on The Bwog]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/senate/annual_reports/06-07/PDannual.htm February 23, 2007 statement from the Senate's physical development committee]

[[Category:Buildings on the Morningside Heights campus]]
[[Category:Planned buildings]]
[[Category:Unnamed buildings]]

Tree Lighting Ceremony

2007-12-06T11:26:03Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:Collegewalklit.jpg|thumb|Lit trees on [[College Walk]] ]]

The '''Tree Lighting Ceremony''' is an annual event celebrating the illumination of the lights decorating the trees lining [[College Walk]]. To be specific, these are the trees between [[Kent Hall|Kent]] and [[Hamilton Hall|Hamilton]] on the east side of College Walk, and [[Dodge Hall|Dodge]] and [[Journalism Hall|Journalism]] Halls on the west. The event was first held in [[1998]]. It is held just before [[finals]] week in early December. The lights remain on until the end of February.

The event is centered around [[The Sundial|the sundial]], and features free hot chocolate, roasted chestnuts, performances by various [[:Category:A cappella|a cappella]] groups, and speeches by the [[university president]] and a guest. At the end of the ceremony, the president pushes the switch to turn on the lights. Supposedly the podium with a big red switch is just for show.

The Tree Lighting Ceremony is followed by the older [[Yule Log Ceremony]] in [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]].

[[Category:Traditions]]

Tree Lighting Ceremony

2007-12-06T11:25:46Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:Collegewalklit.jpg|thumb|Lit trees on [[College Walk]] ]]

The '''Tree Lighting Ceremony''' is an annual event celebrating the illumination of the lights decorating the trees lining [[College Walk]]. To be specific, these are the trees between [[Kent Hall|Kent]] and [[Hamilton Hall|Hamilton]] on the east side of College Walk, and [[Dodge Hall|Dodge]] and [[Journalism Hall|Journalism]] Halls on the west. The event was first held in [[1998]]. It is held just before [[finals]] week in early December. The lights remain on until the end of February.

The event is centered around [[The Sundial|the sundial]], and features free hot chocolate, roasted chestnuts, performances by various [[:Category:A cappella]] groups, and speeches by the [[university president]] and a guest. At the end of the ceremony, the president pushes the switch to turn on the lights. Supposedly the podium with a big red switch is just for show.

The Tree Lighting Ceremony is followed by the older [[Yule Log Ceremony]] in [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]].

[[Category:Traditions]]

Tree Lighting Ceremony

2007-12-06T11:25:17Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:Collegewalklit.jpg|thumb|Lit trees on [[College Walk]] ]]

The '''Tree Lighting Ceremony''' is an annual event celebrating the illumination of the lights decorating the trees lining [[College Walk]]. To be specific, these are the trees between [[Kent Hall|Kent]] and [[Hamilton Hall|Hamilton]] on the east side of College Walk, and [[Dodge Hall|Dodge]] and [[Journalism Hall|Journalism]] Halls on the west. The event was first held in [[1998]]. It is held just before [[finals]] week in early December. The lights remain on until the end of February.

The event is centered around [[The Sundial|the sundial]], and features free hot chocolate, roasted chestnuts, performances by various [[Category:A cappella]] groups, and speeches by the [[university president]] and a guest. At the end of the ceremony, the president pushes the switch to turn on the lights. Supposedly the podium with a big red switch is just for show.

The Tree Lighting Ceremony is followed by the older [[Yule Log Ceremony]] in [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]].

[[Category:Traditions]]

Talk:Yule Log Ceremony

2007-12-06T11:24:47Z

Rab2148: New page: "Taking inspiration from a similar event at King's College, then-president Nicholas Murray Butler began the event in 1910 for students unable to return home for the holidays." Did "then-p...

"Taking inspiration from a similar event at King's College, then-president Nicholas Murray Butler began the event in 1910 for students unable to return home for the holidays." Did "then-president Nicholas Murray Butler" take inspiration, or did you mean that the Yule Log Ceremony does? --[[User:Rab2148|Rab2148]] 06:24, 6 December 2007 (EST)

Tree Lighting Ceremony

2007-11-21T02:07:38Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:Collegewalklit.jpg|thumb|Lit trees on [[College Walk]] ]]

The '''Tree Lighting Ceremony''' is an annual event celebrating the illumination of the lights decorating the trees lining [[College Walk]]. To be specific, these are the trees between [[Kent Hall|Kent]] and [[Hamilton Hall|Hamilton]] on the east side of College Walk, and [[Dodge Hall|Dodge]] and [[Journalism Hall|Journalism]] Halls on the west. The event was first held in [[1998]]. It is held just before [[finals]] week in early December. The lights remain on until the end of February.

The event is centered around the [[sundial]], and features free hot chocolate, roasted chestnuts, performances by various [[a cappella]] groups, and speeches by the [[university president]] and a guest. At the end of the ceremony, the president pushes the switch to turn on the lights. Supposedly the podium with a big red switch is just for show.

The Tree Lighting Ceremony is followed by the older [[Yule Log Ceremony]] in [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]].

[[Category:Traditions]]

Nonsequitur

2007-11-21T02:07:32Z

Rab2148:

'''Nonsequitur''' is a co-ed a cappella group.

==History==
Nonsequitur was conceived in 2000 during a callback audition for the [[Uptown Vocal]].<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2002/04/18/ArtsEntertainment/Always.Happy.Always.Harmonizing-2039216.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Spec article about the establishment of Nonsequitur]</ref> Auditions for Uptown Vocal had progressed until they had narrowed their selection to six male singers. One of the six auditioning, Max L. Rosenberg, a student from Columbia's [[Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], met with the other five singers, while the Uptown Vocal deliberated on whom they would select. He passed around a piece of paper, making his contact information known to the small group and requested they add their names and information to the paper. He explained that should none of them gain admittance to Uptown Vocal, they should create a new a cappella group in a different style.

The following day Rosenberg sent an email to the group of five inviting them to meet him at the student center by the piano to begin a new group.

All but the one singer who gained admittance appeared, which included Joshua Diamant, Andrew Lebwhol, Michael Marcus, and Jason Moss. Beginning with arrangements Rosenberg borrowed from an all male high school a cappella group, The Beachside Express, they began to meet and practice three times a week. Very shortly, Diamant and Marcus wrote their own arrangements and began to create the group's style.

Nonsequitur continued to maintain its intention of remaining all male; however, after several rounds of auditions and rehearsals, none of the new recruits worked out. The group became co-ed with its first woman, Rona Behar, approximately four months after its inception.

They had their first public performance that year in Westport, CT at the Java Jam at [[:w:Greens Farms Academy|Greens Farms Academy]] hosted by The Beachside Express and Harbor Blues.

Over the next several years, Nonsequitur quickly grew to include all genders and genres, eventually becoming Columbia’s hippest group, with a popular following from College Walk to the Barnard Quad to the semitic halls of the Jewish Theological Seminary.<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2006/09/07/ArtsEntertainment/How-To.Find.A.Place.In.The.Spotlight-2260829.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Spec article about the growth of Nonsequitur]</ref>

The members come from all four undergraduate schools at the University and from all different singing backgrounds and are all united by a shared commitment to making vocal harmonies, executing killer choreographies, and looking generally attractive.<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2004/09/17/News/Singing.The.Blues.And.Fighting.For.Voices-2033692.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Spec article about Nonsequitur]</ref>

==Repertoire==
Over the years, Nonsequitur's repertoire has widened to include all types of music. The songs range from today’s pop to yesterday’s classics, from [[:w:Dido|Dido]] and the B52s to [[:w:Stevie Wonder|Stevie Wonder]] and [[:w:The Cars|The Cars]], and they are coming up with new and original arrangements all the time. Nonsequitur draws from a repertoire of nearly a hundred songs that have been arranged almost exclusively by members of the group. Some of the songs arranged since the group's millennial inception have "fallen" from the active repertoire to make way for new arrangements. However, the most successful and well-arranged songs from each year remain with the group as it progresses forward, leaving the undergraduate group with a repertoire of songs representing all incarnations of Nonsequitur.

==Performances and Tours==
Nonsequitur sings regularly for private parties and charity functions primarily in the Northeast ([[NYC]], [[:w:Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[:w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[:w:Boston|Boston]]). Once or twice a year, they sojourn on tours that take them to domestic locations (throughout the [[:w:East Coast|East Coast]]) and abroad touring in [[:w:Canada|Canada]] and have performed with renowned a cappella groups from across the country, including Stanford’s Fleet Street, Tufts' Jackson Jills, and UC Berkeley’s Men’s Octet. In addition, they also graced the stage in an off-Broadway production, Toxic Audio, during the fall of [[2004]]. Nonsequitur has recently been accepted to compete at the [[:w:International Championship of College A Cappella|International Championship of College A Cappella]] for [[2007]].<ref>[http://www.varsityvocals.com/icca ICCA website]</ref>

==Attire==
Nonseq performs at events ranging from the ultra-informal ("[[Arch sing]]s" in the arches on Columbia's campus and the famous [[sundial]]) to the very formal. As a result, Nonsequitur has adopted several styles of performance attire, the most notable being "Blue/Black": blue shirt and black slacks or skirt or vice versa.

==The name==
Nonsequitur was named by a fan of the group, Sidney Vidaver, who would attend rehearsals. He commented to Max Rosenberg known as the "Captain", "Is everything out of your mouth a non sequitur? For example: What a beautiful song, lets go get pizza," to which the Captain replied, "Thats it!" "What?" "Let's go get pizza!" The rest is myth.

Living up to its name, the members of Nonsequitur pride themselves on their spontaneity, verve, and awesome musical abilities.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://columbiagroups.org/nonsequitur/ Nonsequitur website]

[[Category:A cappella]]

Nonsequitur

2007-11-21T02:06:59Z

Rab2148:

'''Nonsequitur''' is a co-ed a capella group.

==History==
Nonsequitur was conceived in 2000 during a callback audition for the [[Uptown Vocal]].<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2002/04/18/ArtsEntertainment/Always.Happy.Always.Harmonizing-2039216.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Spec article about the establishment of Nonsequitur]</ref> Auditions for Uptown Vocal had progressed until they had narrowed their selection to six male singers. One of the six auditioning, Max L. Rosenberg, a student from Columbia's [[Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], met with the other five singers, while the Uptown Vocal deliberated on whom they would select. He passed around a piece of paper, making his contact information known to the small group and requested they add their names and information to the paper. He explained that should none of them gain admittance to Uptown Vocal, they should create a new a cappella group in a different style.

The following day Rosenberg sent an email to the group of five inviting them to meet him at the student center by the piano to begin a new group.

All but the one singer who gained admittance appeared, which included Joshua Diamant, Andrew Lebwhol, Michael Marcus, and Jason Moss. Beginning with arrangements Rosenberg borrowed from an all male highschool a cappella group, The Beachside Express, they began to meet and practice three times a week. Very shortly, Diamant and Marcus wrote their own arrangements and began to create the group's style.

Nonsequitur continued to maintain its intention of remaining all male; however, after several rounds of auditions and rehearsals, none of the new recruits worked out. The group became co-ed with its first woman, Rona Behar, approximatly four months after its inception.

They had their first public performance that year in Westport, CT at the Java Jam at [[:w:Greens Farms Academy|Greens Farms Academy]] hosted by The Beachside Express and Harbor Blues.

Over the next several years, Nonsequitur quickly grew to include all genders and genres, eventually becoming Columbia’s hippest group, with a popular following from College Walk to the Barnard Quad to the semitic halls of the Jewish Theological Seminary.<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2006/09/07/ArtsEntertainment/How-To.Find.A.Place.In.The.Spotlight-2260829.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Spec article about the growth of Nonsequitur]</ref>

The members come from all four undergraduate schools at the University and from all different singing backgrounds and are all united by a shared commitment to making vocal harmonies, executing killer choreographies, and looking generally attractive.<ref>[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2004/09/17/News/Singing.The.Blues.And.Fighting.For.Voices-2033692.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com Spec article about Nonsequitur]</ref>

==Repertoire==
Over the years, Nonsequitur's repertoire has widened to include all types of music. The songs range from today’s pop to yesterday’s classics, from [[:w:Dido|Dido]] and the B52s to [[:w:Stevie Wonder|Stevie Wonder]] and [[:w:The Cars|The Cars]], and they are coming up with new and original arrangements all the time. Nonsequitur draws from a repertoire of nearly a hundred songs that have been arranged almost exclusively by members of the group. Some of the songs arranged since the group's millennial inception have "fallen" from the active repertoire to make way for new arrangements. However, the most successful and well-arranged songs from each year remain with the group as it progresses forward, leaving the undergraduate group with a repertoire of songs representing all incarnations of Nonsequitur.

==Performances and Tours==
Nonsequitur sings regularly for private parties and charity functions primarily in the Northeast ([[NYC]], [[:w:Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[:w:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]], [[:w:Boston|Boston]]). Once or twice a year, they sojourn on tours that take them to domestic locations (throughout the [[:w:East Coast|East Coast]]) and abroad touring in [[:w:Canada|Canada]] and have performed with renowned a cappella groups from across the country, including Stanford’s Fleet Street, Tufts' Jackson Jills, and UC Berkeley’s Men’s Octet. In addition, they also graced the stage in an off-Broadway production, Toxic Audio, during the fall of [[2004]]. Nonsequitur has recently been accepted to compete at the [[:w:International Championship of College A Cappella|International Championship of College A Cappella]] for [[2007]].<ref>[http://www.varsityvocals.com/icca ICCA website]</ref>

==Attire==
Nonseq performs at events ranging from the ultra-informal ("[[Arch sing]]s" in the arches on Columbia's campus and the famous [[sundial]]) to the very formal. As a result, Nonsequitur has adopted several styles of performance attire, the most notable being "Blue/Black": blue shirt and black slacks or skirt or vice versa.

==The name==
Nonsequitur was named by a fan of the group, Sidney Vidaver, who would attend rehearsals. He commented to Max Rosenberg known as the "Captain", "Is everything out of your mouth a non sequitur? For example: What a beautiful song, lets go get pizza," to which the Captain replied, "Thats it!" "What?" "Let's go get pizza!" The rest is myth.

Living up to its name, the members of Nonsequitur pride themselves on their spontaneity, verve, and awesome musical abilities.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://columbiagroups.org/nonsequitur/ Nonsequitur website]

[[Category:A cappella]]

Roone Arledge Auditorium

2007-11-21T02:03:15Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:RooneArledgeAud.jpg|thumb|240px|Roone Arledge Auditorium]]

'''Roone Arledge Auditorium''' is in [[Lerner Hall]]. It replaced [[Ferris Booth Hall|Ferris Booth Hall's]] [[Wollman Auditorium]]. The auditorium has two levels. The main level is on the 1st floor and seats 1096. The balcony is on the 2nd floor and seats 400. Thus, the auditorium seats 1,496 in a theater configuration. The balcony can also be configured as a stand-alone [[Roone Arledge Cinema|cinema]].

When the divider between the balcony and auditorium was installed, little consideration for sound leakage was made. As a result, the cinema and auditorium floor cannot host two different loud events simultaneously.

Performance groups have previously complained that the auditorium floor and stage have no incline. [[Orchesis]] drew attention to this when they titled their [[2000]] show "Zero Degrees." Since then, [[CCSC]] president [[Matthew Harrison]] established a fund to allow student groups to have risers installed in the auditorium for performances.

The auditorium has a full stage, theatrical sound, theatrical lighting, a projector, and 112 Ethernet and phone connections. It has a [[Broadway (avenue)|Broadway]] entrance with a foyer and coat-check room.

Roone was the site of the [[Minuteman stage-rush]] in October [[2006]].

It is named for sportscaster [[Roone Arledge]].

[[Category:Rooms on the Morningside Heights campus]]

Template:Schools

2007-11-16T19:15:32Z

Rab2148:

{| style="margin:0 auto; clear:both" cellspacing=0 align=center width="90%" class="toccolours"
|align=center style="background:#75B2DD"| '''Columbia University Schools'''
|-
|align=center style="font-size:92%;"|[[Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation|Architecture, Planning, and Preservation]] • [[School of the Arts|Arts]] • [[Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Arts and Sciences (Graduate School)]] • [[Columbia Business School|Business]] • [[Columbia College]] • [[School of Continuing Education|Continuing Education]] • [[College of Dental Medicine|Dentistry]] • [[Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science|Engineering]] • [[School of General Studies|General Studies]] • [[School of International and Public Affairs|International and Public Affairs]] • [[Graduate School of Journalism|Journalism]] • [[Columbia Law School|Law]] • [[College of Physicians and Surgeons|Medicine]] • [[School of Nursing|Nursing]] • [[Mailman School of Public Health|Public Health]] • [[School of Social Work|Social Work]]
|-
|align=center style="background:#ccccff"| '''Affiliated Institutions'''
|-
|align=center style="font-size:92%;"|[[Barnard College|Barnard]] • [[Jewish Theological Seminary]] • [[Teachers College]] • [[Union Theological Seminary]]
|}

Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science

2007-11-16T19:14:37Z

Rab2148:

{{Infobox school
|Name=School of Engineering and Applied Science
|Image=SEASCrown.png
|Established=1863
|Dean=[[Gerald Navratil]] (Interim)
|Degrees=[[BSE]], [[MSE]], [[PhD]]
|Enrollment=1,431 Undergraduate, 949 Graduate students (2005)
|Website=[http://www.seas.columbia.edu/ www.seas.columbia.edu]
}}
'''Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science''' or '''SEAS''' as it is popularly known, is the engineering school of Columbia. No one calls it Fu. Ever. It awards degrees in engineering, applied physics and applied mathematics. SEAS was founded as the ''School of Mines'' in 1863 and then the ''School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry'' before becoming the ''School of Engineering and Applied Science''. It was the country's first such institution. In [[1997]], the school was renamed in honor of Chinese businessman [[Z. Y. Fu]], who had donated $26 million.

The school was originally located in [[Lewisohn Hall]] and [[Mathematics Hall]], then known as Engineering and Mines. The construction of [[Seeley Mudd Hall]] in the 60's allowed the school to move into more spacious quarters on the northeast corner of the main campus. Due to the growth of the school in the past four decades, further expansion was determined necessary, leading to the planning of the [[Northwest Science Building]], which is due to be completed in the fall of 2010.

The school maintains a close [[CC-SEAS Relationship|relationship]] with [[Columbia College]], and undergraduate students from both schools fall under the oversight of the [[Division of Student Affairs]].

It is not uncommon for graduates to pursue illustrious mining careers, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Alternatively, investment banking is a popular choice, if mining in the Congo isn't your thing, with close to a third of all graduating SEAS-ers entering the financial industry.

== Departments ==

* [[Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics]]
* [[Biomedical Engineering]]
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science]]
* [[Earth and Environmental Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Industrial Engineering and Operations Research]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]

[[Category:SEAS]]

{{Schools}}

Mikheil Saakashvili

2007-11-16T19:11:50Z

Rab2148:

{{wp-also}}

'''Mikheil Saakashvili''', [[Columbia Law School|Law]] '[[1994|94]], is the president of [[w:Georgia_(country)|Georgia]] (the country, not the state, you idiot).

On his first day at the law school, where he earned an [[LLM]], he was apparently delighted to find that many of his favorite legal theorists were not dead. Later, he developed a taste for the [[Indian Cafe]]. He returns on occasion (as in [[2005]] and [[2007]]) for the [[World Leaders Forum]].

==External links==
*[http://www.bwog.net/articles/a_robust_debate Bwog coverage of Saakashvili's appearance at the 2007 WLF]

[[Category:Law school alumni|Saakashvili]]
[[Category:Heads of state|Saakashvili]]

Furnald Hall

2007-09-09T20:10:56Z

Rab2148: /* Building address */

{{prefrosh}}

{{Infobox reshall
|Name=Furnald
|Image=Furnald.jpg
|Built=[[1913]]
|Renovated=[[1996]]
|Population=235}}
'''Furnald''' is a popular, but controversial, residence hall.

For a long time, only seniors were able to get rooms in Furnald in the [[Room Selection]] process. It was very popular, not least because it had its own bar in the basement, which reached legendary status.

Today, after being completely renovated, Furnald is a first year and sophomore residence hall. Therefore, first years who aren't housed in [[Carman Hall|Carman]], [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]] or the [[Living Learning Center]], still get to live in the quad and are protected to some extent from juniors and seniors. The remaining space is open to rising sophomores in General Selection. Typically, only sophomores with lottery numbers between 1 and 500 (about 100 or so lucky souls) are able to get rooms in Furnald.

== History ==

Furnald Hall was funded by a bequest from Francis Furnald in memory of his son, Royal Blackler Furnald ([[Columbia College|CC]] 1901). It was designed by [[McKim, Mead, and White]], and opened in [[1913]].

During World War I, Furnald was a residence for female graduate students. During World War II, it housed "ninety-day wonder" commissioned naval officers, who were sent off to war after only three months of officer training. It then became a [[law school]] dormitory, before once again becoming an undergraduate residence hall in [[1960]].

In [[1995]], Furnald was falling apart. [[Hartley Hall|Hartley]] and [[Wallach Hall]] had benefited from major renovation and reconstruction in the 1960s and 1970s due to the generosity of [[Ira D. Wallach]] and [[Jerome L. Greene]], but Furnald did not. President [[George Rupp]] ordered a $12m complete gutting and rebuilding.

===Famous former residents===
*[[Federico García Lorca‎]] (1929)
*[[Ted Gold]] (1965-1967)

== Facilities ==
* All rooms have carpets, air conditioning.
* Each floor has a spacious lounge with a TV and fully-equipped kitchen.
* Each floor has 2 large bathrooms (1 male, 1 female).
* Single laundry room located in basement

=== Rooms ===
* For first years, 78 singles and 17 doubles.
* For sophomores, 109 singles and 7 doubles.
* Floors 1, 2 and 10 have especially large rooms.
* 1002 is an architecturally interesting room.

== Advantages and disadvantages ==

=== Advantages ===
* Recently renovated, so it almost feels like a new building.
* Convenient location near [[Lerner]], and, well, everything. Perhaps the best location on campus.
* Great campus and [[Broadway (avenue)|Broadway]] views.
* Nice bathrooms. Especially the handicapped shower stalls with removable shower heads.
* Air conditioning.
* Lots of closet space.
* Basically the only place where you can get a single as a sophomore.
* Ideal choice for independence-minded first years who want lots of privacy. (See below for why Furnald is a bad choice for most first years.)
* Reliable elevators.
* Floor lounges have kitchens, so you can actually cook.

=== Disadvantages ===
* Furnald is a relatively quiet and antisocial residence hall. There are only 25 people on each floor, of whom about 12 are first years, compared to 40+ first years on the average [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]] or [[Carman Hall|Carman]] floor. Furthermore, the sophomores in Furnald already have their own social networks and tend not to socialize with the first years. So the building doesn't have John Jay's or Carman's social atmosphere, where hundreds of eager beaver first years all want to get to know each other. This is a significant drawback since most students' social networks are built up from their first year floormates.
* Social interaction in lounges is infrequent (relative to other first year dorms).
* Kitchens are less useful for first years required to be on a [[meal plan]].
* Layout is not conducive to intra-floor socializing, since stairways and elevators are on the north and south ends of the hall, which somewhat isolates the north and south sides of the floor from one another
* Uncommon for people to leave their doors open (relative to other first year dorms).
* Doubles are fairly small.

== Pictures ==
<gallery>
Image:Furnaldsingle1view1.jpg|Single, view 1
Image:Furnaldsingle1view2.jpg|Single, view 2
Image:Furnalddouble1view1.jpg|Double, view 1
Image:Furnalddouble1view2.jpg|Double, view 2
Image:Furnalddouble2view1.jpg|Double 2, view 1
Image:Furnalddouble2view2.jpg|Double 2, view 2
Image:Furnalddouble2view3.jpg|Double 2, view 3
Image:Furnalddouble2view4.jpg|Double 2, view 4
Image:Furnaldbathroom.jpg|Floor bathroom, view 1
Image:Furnaldbathroomshower.jpg|Floor bathroom, view 2
Image:Furnaldfloorlounge.jpg|Floor lounge
Image:Furnaldkitchen.jpg|Floor kitchen
Image:Furnaldmainlounge.jpg|Main lounge on ground floor
</gallery>

== Floor plans ==
<gallery>
Image:Furnald1.jpg|Floor 1
Image:Furnald2.jpg|Floor 2
Image:Furnald3.jpg|Floor 3
Image:Furnald4.jpg|Floor 4
Image:Furnald5.jpg|Floor 5
Image:Furnald6.jpg|Floor 6
Image:Furnald7.jpg|Floor 7
Image:Furnald8.jpg|Floor 8
Image:Furnald9.jpg|Floor 9
Image:Furnald10.jpg|Floor 10
</gallery>

== Building address ==
2960 Broadway<br>
New York, NY 10027

== Map ==
<googlemap lat="40.807335" lon="-73.963826" type="map" zoom="16" width="500" height="300" controls="small">
40.807335, -73.963826, Furnald residence hall
</googlemap>

== External Links ==
[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/housing/docs/residence-halls/furnald/index.html Columbia Housing - Furnald]

[[Category:Residence halls]]

Talk:Map of restaurants and bars

2007-09-01T18:10:53Z

Rab2148: New page: Is there a way to add Chipotle to this map? --~~~~

Is there a way to add Chipotle to this map? --[[User:Rab2148|Rab2148]] 14:10, 1 September 2007 (EDT)

P&W Sandwich Shop

2007-08-17T22:21:52Z

Rab2148:

The '''P&W Sandwich Shop''' is a sandwich place on [[Amsterdam]] between 110th St and 111th St. It's right next door to the [[Hungarian Pastry Shop]] and owned by the same people.

[[Category:Snacks]]

Talk:Butler Library

2007-07-18T21:02:16Z

Rab2148: New page: == Staxxxion == "Students supposedly make out and go so far as to have sex in the stacks. No one has ever seen this actually happen." That's a lie. If you count people actually ''doing'' ...

== Staxxxion ==
"Students supposedly make out and go so far as to have sex in the stacks. No one has ever seen this actually happen."
That's a lie. If you count people actually ''doing'' the act as seeing themselves, then this has already been proven wrong. Numerous first-hand accounts of staxxxion exist.
--[[User:Rab2148|Rab2148]] 17:02, 18 July 2007 (EDT)

Furnald Hall

2007-07-15T05:28:13Z

Rab2148:

{{prefrosh}}

{{Infobox reshall
|Name=Furnald
|Image=Furnald.jpg
|Built=[[1913]]
|Renovated=[[1996]]
|Population=235}}
'''Furnald''' is a popular, but controversial, residence hall.

For a long time, only seniors were able to get rooms in Furnald in the [[Room Selection]] process. It was very popular, not least because it had its own bar in the basement, which reached legendary status.

Today, after being completely renovated, Furnald is a first year and sophomore residence hall. Therefore, first years who aren't housed in [[Carman Hall|Carman]], [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]] or the [[Living Learning Center]], still get to live in the quad and are protected to some extent from juniors and seniors. The remaining space is open to rising sophomores in General Selection. Typically, only sophomores with lottery numbers between 1 and 500 (about 100 or so lucky souls) are able to get rooms in Furnald.

== History ==

Furnald Hall was funded by a bequest from Francis Furnald in memory of his son, Royal Blackler Furnald ([[Columbia College|CC]] 1901). It was designed by [[McKim, Mead, and White]], and opened in [[1913]].

During World War I, Furnald was a residence for female graduate students. During World War II, it housed "ninety-day wonder" commissioned naval officers, who were sent off to war after only three months of officer training. It then became a [[law school]] dormitory, before once again becoming an undergraduate residence hall in [[1960]].

In [[1995]], Furnald was falling apart. [[Hartley Hall|Hartley]] and [[Wallach Hall]] had benefited from major renovation and reconstruction in the 1960s and 1970s due to the generosity of [[Ira D. Wallach]] and [[Jerome L. Greene]], but Furnald did not. President [[George Rupp]] ordered a $12m complete gutting and rebuilding.

== Facilities ==
* All rooms have carpets, air conditioning.
* Each floor has a spacious lounge with a TV and fully-equipped kitchen.
* Each floor has 2 large bathrooms (1 male, 1 female).
* Single laundry room located in basement

=== Rooms ===
* For first years, 78 singles and 17 doubles.
* For sophomores, 109 singles and 7 doubles.
* Floors 1, 2 and 10 have especially large rooms.
* 1002 is an architecturally interesting room.

== Advantages and disadvantages ==

=== Advantages ===
* Recently renovated, so it almost feels like a new building.
* Convenient location near [[Lerner]], and, well, everything. Perhaps the best location on campus.
* Great campus and [[Broadway (avenue)|Broadway]] views.
* Nice bathrooms. Especially the handicapped shower stalls with removable shower heads.
* Air conditioning.
* Lots of closet space.
* Basically the only place where you can get a single as a sophomore.
* Ideal choice for independence-minded first years who want lots of privacy. (See below for why Furnald is a bad choice for most first years.)
* Reliable elevators.
* Floor lounges have kitchens, so you can actually cook.

=== Disadvantages ===
* Furnald is a relatively quiet and antisocial residence hall. There are only 25 people on each floor, of whom about 12 are first years, compared to 40+ first years on the average [[John Jay Hall|John Jay]] or [[Carman Hall|Carman]] floor. Furthermore, the sophomores in Furnald already have their own social networks and tend not to socialize with the first years. So the building doesn't have John Jay's or Carman's social atmosphere, where hundreds of eager beaver first years all want to get to know each other. This is a significant drawback since most students' social networks are built up from their first year floormates.
* Social interaction in lounges is infrequent (relative to other first year dorms).
* Kitchens are less useful for first years required to be on a [[meal plan]].
* Layout is not conducive to intra-floor socializing, since stairways and elevators are on the north and south ends of the hall, which somewhat isolates the north and south sides of the floor from one another
* Uncommon for people to leave their doors open (relative to other first year dorms).
* Doubles are fairly small.

== Pictures ==
<gallery>
Image:Furnaldsingle1view1.jpg|Single, view 1
Image:Furnaldsingle1view2.jpg|Single, view 2
Image:Furnalddouble1view1.jpg|Double, view 1
Image:Furnalddouble1view2.jpg|Double, view 2
Image:Furnalddouble2view1.jpg|Double 2, view 1
Image:Furnalddouble2view2.jpg|Double 2, view 2
Image:Furnalddouble2view3.jpg|Double 2, view 3
Image:Furnalddouble2view4.jpg|Double 2, view 4
Image:Furnaldbathroom.jpg|Floor bathroom, view 1
Image:Furnaldbathroomshower.jpg|Floor bathroom, view 2
Image:Furnaldfloorlounge.jpg|Floor lounge
Image:Furnaldkitchen.jpg|Floor kitchen
Image:Furnaldmainlounge.jpg|Main lounge on ground floor
</gallery>

== Floor plans ==
<gallery>
Image:Furnald1.jpg|Floor 1
Image:Furnald2.jpg|Floor 2
Image:Furnald3.jpg|Floor 3
Image:Furnald4.jpg|Floor 4
Image:Furnald5.jpg|Floor 5
Image:Furnald6.jpg|Floor 6
Image:Furnald7.jpg|Floor 7
Image:Furnald8.jpg|Floor 8
Image:Furnald9.jpg|Floor 9
Image:Furnald10.jpg|Floor 10
</gallery>

== Building address ==
2940 Broadway<br>
New York, NY 10027

== Map ==
<googlemap lat="40.807335" lon="-73.963826" type="map" zoom="16" width="500" height="300" controls="small">
40.807335, -73.963826, Furnald residence hall
</googlemap>

== External Links ==
[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/housing/docs/residence-halls/furnald/index.html Columbia Housing - Furnald]

[[Category:Residence halls]]

Blue Java Butler

2007-07-09T22:10:43Z

Rab2148: summer hours added

'''Blue Java Butler''' is the coffee bar just inside the entrance of [[Butler]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
|-
|'''Location'''
|width="50"|'''Mon'''
|width="50"|'''Tues'''
|width="50"|'''Wed'''
|width="50"|'''Thurs'''
|width="80"|'''Fri'''
|width="80"|'''Sat'''
|width="80"|'''Sun'''
|-
| [[Blue Java Butler]]
|colspan="4"| 8am-12am
| 8am-8pm || 12pm-6pm || 12pm-12am
|}

Note: Beginning in the Fall of 2006, library administrators decided to take a page from the Yankee Stadium playbook in banning outside food in Butler. Oddly (or not so oddly), students may purchase food once inside at the Blue Java location. Cha-Ching!

'''Summer Hours:'''

{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
|-
|'''Location'''
|width="50"|'''Mon'''
|width="50"|'''Tues'''
|width="50"|'''Wed'''
|width="50"|'''Thurs'''
|width="50"|'''Fri'''
|width="50"|'''Sat'''
|width="50"|'''Sun'''
|-
| [[Blue Java Butler]]
|colspan="5"| 9am-5pm
|colspan="2"| closed
|}

[[Category:On-campus dining locations]]

Riding the subway

2007-06-05T05:08:48Z

Rab2148: /* Advice for going downtown */

{{prefrosh}}

How to ride the subway like an expert, or, since you're now a Columbia student, how to look like an expert while riding the subway.

==MetroCards ==

MetroCards can be obtained in advance with [[flex]] or cash at a slight discount at the [[vending machines]] in [[Lerner Hall]]. In the station, MetroCards can be purchased from MetroCard vending machines using cash, credit, or debit. A single ride MetroCard, good for two hours, costs $2.00, though customers can save by purchasing pay-per-ride MetroCards. Pay-per-ride MetroCards can store between $4 and $80. Putting on $10 on your pay-per-ride MetroCard triggers a 20% bonus, whereby 6 rides can be obtained for the price of five (or, more accurately, $1.67 per ride). Unlimited MetroCards are also available for one day until the next 3 a.m. ($7), for seven days ($21), or for thirty days ($76). Complete MetroCard information is available [http://www.mta.info/metrocard/ here].

== In the station ==

Trains are often rerouted for system maintenance, especially on late nights (commonly between midnight and 5 a.m.), weekends, and holidays. It may be a good idea to check the [http://www.mta.info/ MTA website] for service changes and alerts before leaving. Advisories known in advance specific to individual stations are generally posted throughout fare control and subway platforms. A weekend summary is commonly posted next to the system map on subway platforms. Station attendants, usually located in booths at many points of fare control, should be able to assist with routine questions.

== Trains ==

=== How to get to Columbia ===

Take the (1) train to 116.

If beginning south of 96 on the Broadway IRT (1), (2), and (3), make sure you are on a (1) train before leaving 96. When service is running normally, this means walking across the platform at 96 to the local track. When (2) and (3) trains are running local (late nights and sometimes due to system maintenance), this means detraining at 96 and waiting for a (1) train on the same track. (2) and (3) trains do not run up Broadway north of 96.

=== Advice for going uptown ===

There's a world of New York north of Columbia that's mostly accessible by subway. Boarding an uptown (1) train at 116 means only an 8-10 minute ride to the [[Columbia Medical Center]], exiting at the venerable 168th St station, and a 15 minute ride to the [[Baker Field]] athletic complex, exiting (above ground) at 215th St.

=== Advice for going downtown ===

Beginning on a downtown (1) train at 116, be aware that the option usually exists to transfer to an express train across the platform at 96. The (2) and (3) express trains travel down Broadway on the Upper West Side and 7th Avenue below, making stops (alongside the (1) train) at 72, 42, 34, 14, and Chambers. Intermediate stops are accessible on the (1) train. Remember, express trains only save 5 to 10 minutes, tops, depending on one's destination. While time should be saved when traveling south of 34, it is probably to one's benefit to remain on the (1) train when traveling only as far as 42 (Times Square, a major transfer hub) or 34 (Penn Station, the next stop), unless you spot an express train arriving on the other side of the platform at the same time the (1) train arrives.

== Crosstown ==

There are a number of ways to get crosstown from 116. The most direct route is not by subway, but rather by bus. The M4 (heading downtown), which can be picked up at 116 and Broadway makes a left on 110 and a right down 5th Avenue (with a stop at 86 for the Metropolitan Museum of Art). The M4 runs back up along Madison Avenue. Be advised that local buses do generally stop, if requested, at every avenue and every couple of blocks. Once on the east side, the subway runs up and down Lexington Avenue.

Crosstown buses are also available at 125 (one of which, the M60, can be boarded at 116 and Broadway), 96, 86, 79, 72, 66, 57, 50, 42, 34, 23, and 14, all north of Houston. Also, the (L) subway runs across 14 (and into Brooklyn).

[[Category:Subway]]

168th Street subway station

2007-06-05T05:07:52Z

Rab2148:

'''168th Street''' is a subway station on the (1), (A), and (C) trains. It is the closest stop to the [[Columbia University Medical Center]], including the [[Health Services Library]]. It is exactly 7 minutes from [[116th_Street-Columbia_University_subway_station | 116th Street]] on the (1) train. It is also near the Wendy's that's closest to campus, although deciding to ride the subway up to 168th for a Wendy's run with a bunch of friends in the middle of the night before your Principles of Economics midterm probably isn't the best idea in the world.

It is one of the deepest stations in the entire subway system and requires an elevator to exit.

[[Category:Subway]]

Talk:Main Page

2007-05-25T02:36:49Z

Rab2148: /* Aesthetics */

== Aesthetics ==

Is there a way to have the "Featured article" span the width of the entire page like "Useful external links" instead of being squished in the same column as "Welcome to WikiCU"?
--[[User:Rab2148|Rab2148]] 22:36, 24 May 2007 (EDT)

Talk:Main Page

2007-05-25T02:35:56Z

Rab2148: Aesthetics

== Aesthetics ==

Is there a way to have the "Featured article" span the width of the entire page like "Useful external links" instead of being squished in the same column as "Welcome to WikiCU"?

Nonsequitur

2007-04-18T19:06:25Z

Rab2148:

==History==
Nonsequitur was concieved in 2000 during a callback audition for the Uptown Vocal [http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2002/04/18/ArtsEntertainment/Always.Happy.Always.Harmonizing-2039216.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com]. Auditions for Uptown Vocal had progressed until they had narrowed their selection to six male singers. One of the six auditioning, Max L. Rosenberg, a student from Columbia's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, met with the other five singers, while the Uptown Vocal deliberated on whom they would select. He passed around a piece of paper, making his contact information known to the small group and requested they add their names and information to the paper. He explained that should none of them gain admittance to Uptown Vocal, they should create a new a cappella group in a different style.

The following day Rosenberg sent an email to the group of five inviting them to meet him at the student center by the piano to begin a new group.

All but the one singer who gained admittance appeared, which included Joshua Diamant, Andrew Lebwhol, Michael Marcus, and Jason Moss. Beginning with arrangements Rosenberg borrowed from an all male highschool a cappella group, The Beachside Express, they began to meet and practice three times a week. Very shortly, Diamant and Marcus wrote their own arrangements and began to create the group's style.

Nonsequitur continued to maintain its intention of remaining all male; however, after several rounds of auditions and rehearsals, none of the new recruits worked out. The group became co-ed with its first woman, Rona Behar, approximatly four months after its inception.

They had their first public performance that year in Westport, CT at the Java Jam at Greens Farm Academy[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greens_Farms_Academy] hosted by The Beachside Express and Harbor Blues.

Over the next several years, Nonsequitur quickly grew to include all genders and genres,[http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2006/09/07/ArtsEntertainment/How-To.Find.A.Place.In.The.Spotlight-2260829.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com] eventually becoming Columbia’s hippest group, with a popular following from College Walk to the Barnard Quad to the semitic halls of the Jewish Theological Seminary.

The members come from all four undergraduate schools at the University and from all different singing backgrounds and are all united by a shared commitment to making vocal harmonies, executing killer choreographies, and looking generally attractive. [http://media.www.columbiaspectator.com/media/storage/paper865/news/2004/09/17/News/Singing.The.Blues.And.Fighting.For.Voices-2033692.shtml?sourcedomain=www.columbiaspectator.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com]

==Repertoire==
Over the years, Nonsequitur's repertoire has widened to include all types of music. The songs range from today’s pop to yesterday’s classics, from Dido and the B52s to Stevie Wonder and The Cars, and they are coming up with new and original arrangements all the time. Nonsequitur draws from a repertoire of nearly a hundred songs that have been arranged almost exclusively by members of the group. Some of the songs arranged since the group's millennial inception have "fallen" from the active repertoire to make way for new arrangements. However, the most successful and well-arranged songs from each year remain with the group as it progresses forward, leaving the undergraduate group with a repertoire of songs representing all incarnations of Nonsequitur.

==Performances and Tours==
Nonsequitur sings regularly for private parties and charity functions primarily in the Northeast (NYC, Connecticut, Philadelphia, Boston). Once or twice a year, they sojourn on tours that take them to domestic locations (throughout the East Coast) and abroad touring in Canada and have performed with renowned a cappella groups from across the country, including Stanford’s Fleet Street, Tufts' Jackson Jills, and UC Berkeley’s Men’s Octet. In addition, they also graced the stage in an off-Broadway production, Toxic Audio, during the fall of 2004! Nonsequitur has recently been accepted to compete at The International Championship of College A Cappella for 2007 [http://www.varsityvocals.com/icca][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Championship_of_College_A_Cappella]

==Attire==
Nonseq performs at events ranging from the ultra-informal ("[[Arch sing]]s" in the arches on Columbia's campus and the famous sundial [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University#_note-12] ) to the very formal. As a result, Nonsequitur has adopted several styles of performance attire, the most notable being "Blue/Black": blue shirt and black slacks or skirt or vice versa.

==The Name==
Nonsequitur was named by a fan of the group, Sidney Vidaver, who would attend rehearsals. He commented to Max Rosenberg known as the "Captain", "Is everything out of your mouth a non sequitur? For example: What a beautiful song, lets go get pizza," to which the Captain replied, "Thats it!" "What?" "Let's go get pizza!" The rest is myth.

Living up to its name, the members of Nonsequitur pride themselves on their spontaneity, verve, and awesome musical abilities.

== External links ==
* [http://columbiagroups.org/nonsequitur/ Nonsequitur website]

[[Category:A cappella]]

Nonsequitur

2007-04-18T19:03:50Z

Rab2148:

Jerome Greene Hall

2007-04-03T05:41:34Z

Rab2148:

[[Image:JeromeGreene.jpg|thumb|240px|Jerome Greene Hall]]

'''Jerome Greene Hall''', home of [[Columbia Law School]] is one of Columbia's hideous 1960s architectural 'mistakes'. JGH, along with [[Uris]] for the [[Business School]], [[Mudd]] for the [[SEAS|Engineering School]], and [[IAB]] for [[SIPA]], was built with donor money solicited by the dean of the school. The primary aims of each dean and donor was to build the most cost-efficient and practical building for the school- aesthetics weren't really all that important. And whatever aesthetics considered were those informed by 1960s chic, i.e. ugly.

JGH was designed by the firm Harrison and Abromowitz, better known for their work on [[Lincoln Center]]. The window boxes on the two narrow ends of the building, often described as being fit for a Mussolini-esque dictator to salute the masses, have earned the building its nickname of "the toaster."

The building's western facade is graced by Jacques Lipschitz's [[1967]] sculpture "Bellerophon Taming Pegasus", donated in [[1977]] by alumni of the school. The sculpture is said to represent the experience CLS 1L's endure.

In the late 1990s the Jerome Greene underwent a major renovation, resulting the construction of the new entrance, lounges, and cafeteria on [[116th Street|116th]] and [[Amsterdam Avenue|Amsterdam]]. This was followed by gut renovations of the building's classrooms and offices.

[[Category:Buildings on the Morningside Heights campus]]

Jerome Greene Hall

2007-04-03T05:41:11Z

Rab2148: subject-verb agreement

[[Image:JeromeGreene.jpg|thumb|240px|Jerome Greene Hall]]

'''Jerome Greene Hall''', home of [[Columbia Law School]] is one of Columbia's hideous 1960s architectural 'mistakes'. JGH, along with [[Uris]] for the [[Business School]], [[Mudd]] for the [[SEAS|Engineering School]], and [[IAB]] for [[SIPA]], was built with donor money solicited by the deans of schools. The primary aims of each dean and donor was to build the most cost-efficient and practical building for the school- aesthetics weren't really all that important. And whatever aesthetics considered were those informed by 1960s chic, i.e. ugly.

JGH was designed by the firm Harrison and Abromowitz, better known for their work on [[Lincoln Center]]. The window boxes on the two narrow ends of the building, often described as being fit for a Mussolini-esque dictator to salute the masses, have earned the building its nickname of "the toaster."

The building's western facade is graced by Jacques Lipschitz's [[1967]] sculpture "Bellerophon Taming Pegasus", donated in [[1977]] by alumni of the school. The sculpture is said to represent the experience CLS 1L's endure.

In the late 1990s the Jerome Greene underwent a major renovation, resulting the construction of the new entrance, lounges, and cafeteria on [[116th Street|116th]] and [[Amsterdam Avenue|Amsterdam]]. This was followed by gut renovations of the building's classrooms and offices.

[[Category:Buildings on the Morningside Heights campus]]

Development of the Morningside Heights campus

2007-03-12T13:23:40Z

Rab2148: /* Breakdown */

'''Morningside Heights''' was the name given to the area when prominent civic and religious institutions moved here in the 1890s. Morningside Heights, so named because of prominent sunrise on the cliff of Morningside Park, was initially farmland that did not see serious development until the opening of the IRT 1/9 subway station at 116th Street in 1904. The first Columbia institution to open up new quarters was [[Teachers College]] in 1894. Barnard College and Columbia University (just renamed the previous year from [[Columbia College]]) officially moved in 1897.

==Essential Character==
[[Image:49thcampus.jpg|right|thumb|The 49th Street Campus]]
By the late 1880s, it was clear that the the campus at 49th Street and Madison Avenue could not accommodate any more development. Columbia College at that time was crammed into literally one city block - one block downtown from 50th to 49th Street and one block crosstown from Fourth to Madison Avenues. President Barnard's aggressive initiatives to transform Columbia College into a world-class university had forced new construction which could not have even been imagined during the move to the "temporary" site. A Gothic-style six-story library had been built, that also accommodated Theodore Dwight's Law School. The School of Mines, formerly assigned an abandoned broom factory, was also the recipient of a new academic facility. Finally, Hamilton Hall, a dormitory complete with statue of Alexander Hamilton (that stands in front of our present [[Hamilton Hall]]), was erected at the west end of the campus.

The campus was not yet cramped, as there were still spacious courtyards and walkways through the campus, but for a school that enrolled ten times the number of students it had two decades before, and had limitless plans to keep on growing, it was readily apparent that the lone city block in what was then far uptown would seriously inhibit further growth.

The Trustees of Columbia College at this point convened, and looked to the same question that had plagued them in 1754, 1776, and then again in 1857: How to operate a college with undetermined space requirements in the middle of a rapidly growing city. Again, they looked at the same options presented in the past: disperse the College's departments and schools throughout the city, move uptown and keep the College together, or relocate to the countryside.

In 1891, the Trustees, led by William Schermerhorn, committed Columbia to "retain its essential character as a university in the heart of New York". Shortly afterwards, Columbia acquired the lands of the Bloomingdale Asylum (116th to 120th Streets, between Broadway and Amsterdam) for $2 million.

With the site decided on, the Trustees, led by Seth Low's $3 million gift to fund Low Library, and goaded by other Trustees such as William Schermerhorn and Cornelius Vanderbilt, dug into their collective pockets and generously gave to the cause, in addition to tacitly encouraging Columbia's first fundraising campaign. The results were odd, as not all the big givers were Columbia Trustees or alumni, but names like Avery, Dodge, Havemeyer, Lewisohn, and Fayerweather were introduced into the popular Columbia lexicon for the first time.

The vision affirmed, the new campus selected, the buildings and grounds largely paid for, and the "essential character" retained, the next step, picking the architect, would define to the world what this new Columbia University would be.

==The Master Plan==
===Guiding Principles===
[[Image:mmw.jpg|left|thumb|Charles Follen McKim, George Mead, Stanford White]]
The task given to the Trustees was formidable. Colleges and universities were the exclusive domain of the countryside, yet Columbia stubbornly remained in the city. There was some precedent from the European universities and the University of Chicago, but the Trustees were flagrantly opposed to anything that might lead to a University of the City of New York (NYU)-style "breaking-up" of the Columbia academic community.

Although the new campus was a tenfold increase in size over the old, the planning committee realized that space must still be carefully used and economized, if the University was going to reach its potential in the coming decades. Thus, at the same time that the Trustees were creating new inroads in higher education by leaving Columbia in the city, they also sought to redefine how a city university ought to function in terms of building placement, building design space usage, and the like.

Three architects where invited to take part in the initial campus planning. Two were Richard Morris Hunt, a prominent New York architect, and Charles Coolidge Haight, who had served as Columbia College's architect on 49th Street.

The third was Charles Follen McKim, of the design firm McKim, Mead, and White. They were undoubtedly the favorites of American architecture at the time, leading the neoclassical revival. Some of their more notable creations included (or would include) the Boston Public Library, Pennsylvania Station New York (torn down in 1966 to make way for Madison Square Garden), and 30th Street Station Philadelphia.

The only precedent for an American university inside of an urban fabric was the University of Chicago. It was designed as a series of courtyards, with enclosed rectangles working into the street grid. The three architects basically stood by that ideal in their designs. However, Haight's vision was little more than a glorified recapitulation of the 49th Street campus, and Hunt's plan was an uninspiring grouping of enclosed squares. As the Trustees were looking for something bold and daring, they had little patience for the decidedly timid submissions from Hunt and Haight. Thus, in 1893, McKim, Mead, and White were designated the chief architects of the new campus.
===The "City Beautiful"===
[[Image:italian.jpg|right|thumb|The City Beautiful]]
Charles Follen McKim's plan, perpetuated as the Master Plan, and religiously adhered to for almost three-quarters of a century, astounded and impressed the Trustees in two ways. The first, is that though McKim also worked with courtyards and squares, he also introduced the axis. McKim emulated a near-forgotten Italian conception that arose from the Renaissance called the "City Beautiful" approach. Instead of clumping buildings together in courtyards, the City Beautiful approach called for intersecting, perpendicular axes of which the most distinctive and memorable elements of the institution would be placed on or at the intersection of the axes. The two most visible axes today are the Uris-Low-Butler north-south axis, and the Earl-Low-St. Paul's east-west axis. The "City Beautiful" approach also advocated placing the most important building squarely at or near the intersection of the axes, so as to promote a vision of importance and centralism. During the Renaissance, it was the church, with houses and markets lining the streets leading up to it. In the enlightened 20th century, it was the library.

The second way the Master Plan delighted the Trustees was the sheer uniqueness of the architecture. Collegiate architecture, up to this point, had been, by definition, synonymous with Gothic, evoking the monasteries and cathedrals that were the first European universities. It was therefore both refreshing and bold for a Trustee to announce that "in attempting the Gothic we shall at once appear to be imitating the English universities, and shall thereby suggest a comparison which can scarcely fail to be unfavorable to us". New insight in hand, the Trustees quickly decided that the architecture of Greece and Rome "is the style which will appeal most to strongly to educated popular taste, and will be most likely to secure an imposing architectural effect", and who better to carry out that mission than the renowned American neoclassicists McKim, Mead, and White?

Thus the plans were drawn, and the image of Columbia University was at last fully defined. However, the campus as it stands today cannot be said to have been faithful to the aims of the Master Plan. Even thought McKim pioneered the City Beautiful uses of axes, he didn't want to eliminate the enclosed courtyard entirely. He wanted to strike a balance between what he termed the "atrium" of the campus, designed specifically to highlight its most prominent architecture, and the smaller, more intimate courtyard. Yet, on our campus today, only one such courtyard exists, the St. Paul's-Fayerweather-Schermerhorn-Avery. The other courtyards were simply left unbuilt, initially out of financial circumstance rather than changes in campus design. But, as the years progressed, the open spaces in areas like the Philosophy Lawn and the Vam Amringe Quad began to be seen as a blessing rather than a waste of space, which, in the City of New York is all but a guarantee that they will never be filled.

We owe much to McKim, Mead, and White, for they defined the Columbia University of today. They offered a bold vision of what a college in the world city of the west ought to look like, and in doing so, combined power and grace, strength and order, beauty and subtlety in a compelling vision that became the Master Plan. Yet, as much as they are lauded for the ingenious application of axes and atriums as well as the unique brand of architecture, the campus has developed virtually ignoring the other aspect of their vision, namely small, intimate courtyards. Regardless of that, Columbia University would grow and prosper according to the Master Plan, until the student riots of 1968 finally forced the Trustees to evaluate new options.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:masterplan.jpg|McKim's Master Plan
Image:masterview1.jpg|View northwest with courtyards
Image:masterview2.jpg|View northwest with courtyards
</gallery>
==Butler & His Legacy==
===South Field===
Butler was present at the formulation of the Master Plan, but his commitment to it persisted at Columbia for years after he left. One of the first things he did was, after positing the opinion that "the area of the site ... will be entirely insufficient for the work of the University in the very near future", was push for the purchase of the South Field, running from 114th to 116th Streets between Broadway and Amsterdam. Once acquired, the South Field was designated by Butler, in his continuing push to make Columbia University more of a national university that recruited students from outside New York City, to be a residential district. All this stood in stark contrast to President Low's vision of a University "in and of the city", where commuting students would return to their lives in the city after a day of classes at Columbia. All this also figured very neatly into Charles McKim's Master Plan that envisioned courtyards in the fields, providing an intimate residential setting for students. The dormitories - Hartley, Livingston (now Wallach), and Furnald - were built as money became available, but the vision of the residential courtyards was never realized.
===University Hall===
[[Image:uhall.jpg|left|thumb|University Hall]]
One of McKim's vaguest elements would turn into a thorn that would plague Columbia University until the early 1960s. During the planning phase, McKim set aside space behind Low Library for a building that would combine gymnasium, dining hall, and academic theatre, that would provide a focal point for student life. As the Master Plan matured, McKim turned his attention to designing this new University Hall. It was slated to be a magnificent neoclassical structure, complementing Low Library's academic focus with that of student life. The building plan became grander and grander, with additional features added such as the university's power and steam plant as well as a 25-yard pool, the only parts still surviving today. Construction began in 1895 with the University funding the foundations of University Hall (namely the pool and the power plant), and leaving the upper levels to be built with alumni funds. By the early twentieth century, this was akin to admitting defeat: Columbia College had been more or less permanently relegated, and Columbia never made an effort to cultivate the alumni base at all. Hence, the money never appeared.
[[Image:uhall_lib.jpg|right|thumb|University Hall Library]]
University Hall would be revisited again and again by Butler and his successors as they repeatedly evaluated and re-evaluated the building's purpose and funding in the next few decades. The most notable proposal happened in 1927, when it became clear that Low Memorial Library simply could not accommodate the needs of the rapidly growing university. Charles Williamson, Director of the Columbia University Libraries, opinioned to Butler that the conception of University Hall might be used to greater purpose as a research library. Given the priorities of the University at this time, it was a very reasonable suggestion. Williamson's proposal was sweeping in its scope, calling for the completion of University Hall and its physical merge with Low Library. The "bridge" that connected the two buildings would serve as a cavernous reading room, and the University Hall side would reach eight stories, with a stack core capable of holding six million books (Butler Library currently holds two million). In the end, the combination of the exorbitant price tag, the radical alterations needed to be made to University Hall, and the physical and technical challenges of storing books in the same facility as a power plant and a swimming pool sunk the grandiose scheme.

For the library, Butler and his administration looked towards South Field. When Low envisioned the new campus for Columbia, he stressed the necessity of a vista from which a student could look out to the city from whence he came, and would someday return to. As Morningside Heights is on a hill, the south end of the campus provided a perfect vantage point to view the city that was rapidly rising up. But by the 1930s, the row houses on 114th Street effectively blocked views of midtown and downtown. Building a research library on vacant land also provided for a much more palatable $3.5 million price tag to the chief donor, Edward Harkness. While University Hall - essentially a student center - languished unbuilt, Columbia's research library was finished in 1934, and, perhaps to silence any doubters of where the University's priorities lay, undergraduates were not even allowed in.

What happened to University Hall deserves its own saga. For a time, the University built a temporary structure at campus level to house offices and a makeshift kitchen before John Jay Dining Hall opened. During the skyscraper-building craze of the 1930s, there was even some talk of finishing University Hall as a thirty-story Art Deco skyscraper, in the style of the towers rising downtown. For the most part, the power plant, gym, and pool functioned as they continued to function today, while the University Hall foundations sat, unbuilt, for 67 years. It was the subject of annual pleas and endless embarrassment. When Percy Uris finally provided funds to finish University Hall in 1962, now renamed Uris Hall, students from the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, armed with signs blaring "WE PROTEST BAD DESIGN", "BAN THE BUILDING", and "NO MORE UGLIES", picketed its dedication. It was a sad ending to an even sadder story.

===The Science Buildings===
[[Image:120th.jpg|left|thumb|The 120th Street Laboratories]]
By the 1920s, it was clear that the University's focus on science could not be realized within the confines of Schermerhorn and Havemeyer Halls. The beginnings of Columbia's dominant strengths in physics and chemistry were hitting the physical constraints of limited lab space. For a while, Butler and his administration contented themselves by believing that extensions to Schermerhorn and Havemeyer Halls could accomodate the lab, office, and classroom space needed for the expanding science departments, and in turn constructed Chandler Laboratories (named after the first School of Mines Dean Charles Frederick Chandler) and the Schermerhorn Extension. But a combination of two factors pushed for more development. The first was that the extensions, spacious as they seemed, would inevitably be filled to capacity within a few short years.

The second was a combination of aesthetic ambition and forward-looking insight. The north end of the campus, primarily 119th to 120th Street from Broadway to Amsterdam was called, at the time, simply "The Grove". It was largely vacant and the Trustees toyed with several ideas of developing it. Before and after the purchase of South Field, dormitories were broached as a possible use of the Grove. At one point, Olmstead Brothers (the same firm that had designed Central Park) recommended a series of formal plantings and landscaping, to make the Grove a arboretum of sorts, unoccupied by ungainly academic buildings. Common sense won out eventually, and the idea of leaving the Grove vacant was quietly scrapped.

However, the question on what to do with the Grove still remained. The space was there and available for development, and the McKim Master Plan had not addressed any buildings north of University Hall. Butler, in 1926, advanced an ambitious plan, both to provide both generous space to accommodate future growth in the science departments, and, for the first time, to establish an imposing skyline for the Columbia campus. McKim, Mead, and White accommodating his wishes and responded with a plan calling for five buildings fronting 120th Street: two slender, twenty-story skyscrapers at the corners, two twelve-story structures in between, and a seventeens-story tower in the very center. The five buildings would have been dedicated exclusively to physics, chemistry, and the emerging engineering sciences.

The ambitious plans were unfortunately not realized, for a combination of reasons. The first was that there wasn't a need - yet - of the ambitious scale of the proposed buildings. Second was the difficulty of reconciling the neoclassical construction and detail of the structures with the very real structural and physical demands of a laboratory building. Simply put, the amount of reinforcement and protection required by the laboratories made McKim's trademark cornicing and detail work exorbitantly expensive to implement. Finally, the cost of the plan, which seemed to grow endlessly, combined with the relative lack of need, committed all but one building to remain permanently on the drawing board. The one structure that did get built, Pupin Physics Laboratories, very adequately served the needs of the rapidly rising Department of Physics for the next few decades.

As for the rest of the skyline, the Seeley W. Mudd Building, home of the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, was completed at the corner of 120th and Amsterdam in 1961, reviled then as now as a glorified cinder block. The space in the center stood vacant for years while the Trustees toyed with the idea of erecting a diminutive art gallery there, before accommodating Pegram Laboratories, a modest structure adjoining Pupin Hall that housed a particle accelerator. That was demolished in 1955 and again stood vacant until 1992 when the Schapiro Center for Engineering and Physical Science Research was built. In this case, there was at last an attempt (although to what degree of success is still a matter of contention) to use McKim's vision as a guideline, visible in its limestone facade, Harvard brick lining, contextual roofing material, and generally faithful shape, in stark contrast to the banal and uninspiring Mudd Building and Uris Hall that ignored, if not insulted, McKim's Master Plan.
===The Riverside Park Stadium===
[[Image:stadium.jpg|right|thumb|Riverside Park Stadium]]
Perhaps it is a fortunate thing for Columbia University's leadership that so little is known about the Riverside Park Stadium because the sheer scale of what might have been might provoke riots. Here are the facts, such as they are. McKim, Mead, and White never considered a stadium in their Master Plan, but a widely circulated drawing of a stadium by Palmer and Hornbostel to be placed at the foot of 116th Street, fronting the Hudson River has, time and time again, fired the popular imagination. The structure was a majestic neoclassical creation, reminiscent of the Circus Maximus in Rome, with marble statues and symbols lining the sides. No information on how many people it seated or what sports it could have hosted is given, but the architectural drawing indicates a track, and not one, but two playing fields. Additionally, a boathouse would have been constructed in the vicinity, and due to the fact that it literally fronted the Hudson River, docks were placed at both ends for aquatic sports.

What happened to this gem of gems is history. Columbia University secured permission from the City of New York to build on that patch of land in 1906. Football had been banned, ostensibly for "rowdiness", the previous year. The College, which the stadium would have almost exclusively served, made up less than 20% of University enrollments, and did not even have its own building yet (Hamilton Hall would not be built until 1907). For the stadium to have been built with University funds would have been akin to the University renouncing the notion, set in motion by Barnard, and followed up by Low and Butler, that the University's priorities lay with the graduate and professional faculties. For the stadium to have been built with alumni funds would have been a flight of pure fancy, as University Hall's checkered history of sitting unbuilt for 67 years waiting for alumni funds can more than attest to, combined with the College alumni's general (and justified) mistrust that the University would misappropriate their donations for other purposes.

With football returning in 1915, the University would again and again, in the next decade, look for a venue to place its sports facilities. For the time being, they placed a temporary facility in the middle of South Field, with a track and grandstands running around the edge. Columbia's much lauded legends like Lou Gehrig played in those temporary facilities. By 1923, Baker Field Stadium was up and running, but it was not until the mid-1960s that the last aspects of the South Field athletic facilities were finally torn down. However, the idea of a stadium that wasn't five miles away continued to fire the popular and professional imagination. In 1931, Max Abramovitz, who would later go on to design the International Affairs Building, the Law School, and the United Nations, submitted what was possibly the last gasp for a Riverside Park Stadium. It was located near the site of Palmer and Hornbostel's stadium, but scaled back in size (one field only), scope (as it did not front the river, crew was not accommodated), and aesthetics (much less detailed than Palmer and Hornbostel's creation). Again, it based the same problems as did Palmer and Hornbostel, with the additional challenge that a fully functional stadium for Columbia University's athletics, albeit five miles away, already existed.

The Riverside Park Stadium is, like University Hall, another great missed opportunity that we only recognize with the 20/20 vision that comes with regretful hindsight. But, in those days, the University's priorities clearly lay elsewhere. Instead of the twenty-minute trip to Baker Field and the monolithic eyesore that is Uris Hall, the grandiose yet unrealized plans for improving student life, such as the stadii and buildings that never (or partially) got off the drawing board, are perhaps the most painful reminder of what might have been and the clearest indicator of how different from our present Alma Mater was the Columbia University of yesteryear.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:ulib_plan.jpg|University Hall Library
Image:uplans.jpg|University Hall plans
Image:usky.jpg|Uris skyscraper proposal
Image:usky2.jpg|Uris skyscraper proposal
Image:picketers.jpg|Architecture students protest Uris
Image:stadiumplans1.jpg|Palmer and Hornbostel Stadium
Image:stadiumplans2.jpg|Abramovitz stadium
</gallery>
==The Kirk Empire==
===A New World===
The departure of Nicholas Murray Butler left the University headless and flailing. The Trustees, all of whom became Trustees under Butler's reign, were suddenly thrust into a power vacuum that they never experienced before - the domineering, micromanaging Butler had led the University in setting policy, pursuing agendas, hiring faculty, and the like for over forty years. Their next choice of President, Dwight Eisenhower, is pointed by some to be an indication that the Trustees needed a breather to learn and perform their functions again. Indeed, Dwight Eisenhower did not disappoint as even the most generous observers labeled his tenure a "part-time" Presidency.

When the ascension of Grayson Kirk to the Presidency, Columbia was once again under visionary, academic, and activist leadership. Kirk joined Columbia during the closing years of the Butler imperium and served as Provost under Eisenhower. Although Kirk was not present during Columbia's Golden Age in the early twentieth century, he certainly felt the full effects that World War II had upon academia. No longer the cloistered Ivory Tower of bespectacled academics, universities were now called upon to contribute to the scientific, economic, and technological needs of the nation. Hence, bigger was better. The biggest universities, the biggest labs, the biggest faculties, the biggest research grants. Public universities experienced their first take-off, as did institutional behemoths-to-be like Stanford.
===Post-War Buildup===
Back on Morningside Heights, Grayson Kirk, recognizing the inadequacies of thirty-six acres on Morningside Heights as well as the new face of academia that was defined by the Cold War, began to formulate a new plan to revitalize and expand Columbia's physical plant. The last building, Butler Library, completed in 1934, served its function, but the burgeoning spate of new demands and new roles taken up by universities after World War II necessitated an even greater expansion, intellectually and physically.

The first vestiges of a wide-scale government-academic partnership grew out of the Second World War, where Columbia was the fourth-largest recipient of Federal funds. But the looming threat of a Soviet Empire cemented this partnership, one that survives and thrives to this very day. During the war, aesthetics fell by the wayside as functionality determined the order of the day. After the war, with the threat of an even greater war, that sentiment remained.

The International Affairs Building and the Law School (now Jerome Greene Hall) were the first buildings to rise on the area known as East Campus, which the Trustees and the President ignored for the past twenty years. The IAB took in Columbia's expanding School of International Affairs, and the Law School finally allowed the Law Faculty to evacuate the crowded and restrictive Kent Hall for more spacious quarters.

In the mid-1950s, with the acceleration of the Cold War and the beginning of the space race, the Engineering School, restricted for years in Mathematics Hall, was suddenly subjected to new attention both from Low Library and from Washington. To compete with the Soviet Union in technological revolution that was to come, it needed far more space than McKim could have possibly imagined. For some time, it considered relocating to Riverside Drive and starting a separate complex of buildings. By 1958, the proponents of physical compactness won out, and Voorhees, Walker, Smith, & Smith submitted drawings for the Seeley W. Mudd Engineering Building. It was, in the spirit of the 1950s, and like any other engineering built at any other university campus, cold, utilitarian, but extremely functional, and was designed with only two purposes in mind: to create as much lab space to carry out the research work against the Soviet threat as possible, and to create as much lecture space to train the engineers who would carry out the research work against the Soviet threat as possible.

Meanwhile, on the south end of campus, the first undergraduate structure to be erected since John Jay Hall was coming to fruition. It wasn't built, however, out of a desire to house students. Columbia had a somewhat justified reputation as a commuter college, and undergraduates, for the most part, contented themselves with living in the area, off campus (it was not until the late 1980s that Columbia could offer four years' worth of housing to all undergraduates). It was built because Columbia had the good fortune to recieve a donation from the Booth family for a student center at the same time as it was approved to recieve a loan from the Federal Housing and Home Agency for dormitory housing. Thus, Columbia built the Carman/Ferris Booth complex, but as a stipulation of the loan to construct Ferris Booth, the FHHA strictly forbade a link between the dorm and the student center, a condition adhered to even today in Alfred Lerner Hall.

The results of Kirk's building frenzy, which finished with the picketed Uris Hall in 1961, are generally disdained. In all of the structures, there was no attempt made to imitate or even to respect McKim's themes, or to consider what impact their scale, shapes, and angles would have on the rest of the campus. Commentary was likewise acerbic: the Law School was promptly labeled a "toaster", Carman Hall's corridor-style living arrangements were referred to as a "Victorian reformatory", Mudd was "a brick". As for Uris Hall, donor (and Trustee) Percy Uris called it a "fine building, completely suitable". Everyone else saw it as the "final assassination of McKim's ambitions".

Perhaps nothing is more telling as to general student, faculty, and public attitudes to this period than an event that occurred in 1961. Radio station WKCR invited Architecture Professor Percival Goodman to comment on the recent surge of building. What he said to this day remains a mystery, because the Columbia administration promptly confiscated those tapes.
===Remaking Morningside Heights===
While Kirk led the Trustees to building after building, he knew that the rapidly filling campus would not be able to keep pace with his institutional ambitions. As early as 1960, he began looking off campus in one of the most wide-ranging expansion ever considered in Columbia's history to that point. Perhaps he was also goaded on by a oft-told failed opportunity in the annals of Columbia history, where financier J. Pierpont Morgan advised Butler that there was no need to buy up all the land around Columbia in the early 1900s because the land would, presumably, always be there for the taking. While he built on-campus, he never took his eye off the big picture of when it was no longer desirable to crowd the thirty-six acre patch any further.

By 1961, the University subscribed to a plan set forth by the city for urban renewal in the Morningside Heights area. It's objectives were vague, but it could already be seen that the University's actions would be like nothing it had ever attempted before. The tittering grew louder as Columbia, through the early to mid-1960s, purchased every inch of real estate it could in the area. When the University, for the first time, launched a largest-in-academic-history capital campaign with the goal of $200 million, it was no longer deniable that Kirk's brainchild would be nothing short of revolutionary.

Under pressure from an increasingly nervous community and an increasingly curious student body, the Trustees released a preliminary map of the goals of the $200 million campaign. In it, the University would have annexed every city block (and closed off to traffic) south to 111th Street. It was the ultimate culmination of McKim's ambitions and Butler's legacy.

[[Image:1966plan.jpg|center|thumb|The 1966 Plan]]

Information on what this expansion would have entailed is sketchy at best, as no definite architectural plans or renderings were drawn up for any of the buildings - the map was an early conception of a project lasting a decade or more. The only publication put forth by the administration was a lengthy pamphlet describing the needs and goals of such an expansion, written for fundraising purposes, with little in the way of specifics. The pamphlet itself focused on two aspects of expansion that would, presumably, garner the most attention. The first is undergraduate life; the second is science.

===Expanding Columbia College===
Even though it ostensibly focuses much attention on undergraduate needs, that too must be qualified. The justification for expanding Columbia College, as laid out in the pamphlet, was simply to "enlarge the reservoir of potential Ph.D.'s and professional men". The Butler-era conception of the College as a feeder gymnasium into the professional schools was still largely at work.

====The Columbia College Library====

At this point in time, Butler Library was still a closed-stack library, and still geared almost exclusively to the graduate and professional schools. The one part Columbia College students were allowed to use is today's Room 209, the long reading room with the stained-glass portrait of Peter Stuyvesant. All other parts were simply off-limits.

Recognizing that the Columbia College Library was operating over capacity, the plan envisioned an extension of Butler Library across 114th Street that would accommodate undergraduates, undergraduates doing advanced research work, as well as, of course, first-year graduate students. The map suggests a 75% increase in the size of Butler Library, but actual architectural plans were never drawn up.

The Columbia College Library, as envisioned, would have accommodated 300,000 volumes in open stacks, and hosted 2,000 individual study spaces. The facility would have been air conditioned and made provisions for "individualized electronic equipment".

====The Undergraduate Residential College====

Recognizing the reality of having not nearly enough housing to accommodate all undergraduates (and perhaps also goaded by Low Library to increase enrollments to keep pace with the rest of the Ivy League), the plans also showed a residential college arrangement of buildings stretching from 114th to 111th Street. Details on this are even scantier than on the Library, but the new structures would have housed at least 2,000 students - the entire incoming freshmen and sophomore class of the projected expansion to 4,000 students from 2,700. They would have also included "dining halls, guest quarters, library studies, exercise rooms, and rooms for music and art".
===Developing the Grove===
It's easy to assume that the buildings on the north end of campus have always been there. But the truth is, the majority of those structures did not exist until 1980. When Kirk looked north from Low Library, he only saw Pupin Hall and the monolithic Mudd Building. The possibilities and needs for expansion were tantalizing.

====Biological Sciences====

Columbia's strengths in the life sciences faltered somewhat during the afternoon on the Hudson, but the field itself, neglected in favor of war-time research, was excellently positioned to take part in the wide-scale flowering of academia as the world returned to normal. The Biology and Chemistry departments, cramped into Havemeyer and Schermerhorn Halls (barely abetted by extensions), found themselves competing for space with newly-prominent interdisciplinary studies. Proper laboratory facilities for the new era of life science research were simply not to be had in the venerable but aging McKim creations.

The plans made room for a new Biological Sciences building, which would house Biology, Psychology, and the emerging interdisciplinary studies. It would have stood in where is now the Schapiro CEPSR (which is dedicated to physical, rather than life sciences). By the time it was finally built as the Sherman Fairchild Center for Life Sciences in 1977, it was ingeniously moved in front of Mudd to provided the bland facade with a modicum of respectability.

====Science Auditorium====

A very interesting proposal put forth was the Science Auditorium. The justification for such an auditorium was that as the University increased enrollments, it would become prohibitively expensive to duplicate scientific demonstrations in science lectures. The auditorium would have been one facility, designed to accommodate physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering lectures. It would have also provided laboratory space. The hall would have seated at least 400 students and would have been located in what is now the Levien Gym.

====Science Library====

A unified science library, then, as now, was and is long overdue. Because the bulk of Columbia's holdings in history and the humanities are housed in Butler, the science departments had to make do with departmental libraries. Over time, periodical literature overlapped, and finding what one needed before the age of computers often necessitated traveling to half a dozen or more libraries. Moreover, a growing debate arose over where to store journals that weren't in the traditional fields of science, such as biochemistry.

The new science library would have combined the University's holdings in science journals under one roof - serving as, in effect, as the science counterpart to Butler. It would have eliminated needless duplication, and freed up much-needed space to the respective departments, as well as provided a single destination for science researchers. It also would have been the first wide-scale application of "the new computer technology" to be put to use for the "rapid retrieval of information" in a Columbia library system.

The location for the new library would have been where the Pupin tennis courts now stand. However, the need for a unified science (and now engineering) hasn't decreased; on the contrary, it has been exacerbated by the rapidly changing nature of science. Fortunately, the new unified science library will still be built. Groundbreaking is tentatively scheduled for 2008.

===The Morningside Park Gymnasium===
[[Image:morningsidegym.jpg|left|thumb|The Morningside Park Gymnasium]]
Perhaps no building has generated as much fame and infamy as Columbia's ill-fated Morningside Park Gymnasium. Issue was first raised by Trustee Harold G. McGuire, a genuine College Believer, over the inadequacies of the University Hall Gym, which at that time consisted of the Blue Gym and the Uris Pool. On the south end of the campus, the Trustees hesitated at encroaching on any of the treasured open space. On the north end of campus, what little space remained was promised to the science and engineering departments.

Morningside Park was not so much the logical choice as it was the only choice. The planning process went without a hitch at first, but the traditionally undergraduate-unfriendly and fiscally cautious Trustees refused to commit to building a gymnasium until all the funds had been raised by alumni - a tactic used by Butler to endlessly defer University Hall. Community groups, welcoming the prospect of a gym in Morningside Park at first, gradually cooled their enthusiasms and upped their demands as seven long years dragged by with no progress in sight.

The Gym itself was built off the cliff formed by Morningside Drive and Morningside Park at 113th Street, designed by Eggers & Higgins, was a $9 million structure that was, in reality, two gyms. On top would be the gym for Columbia College (and only Columbia College) undergraduates. On the bottom was a gym for the community. Columbia was no stranger in Morningside Park - it had previously coordinated summer baseball games. But the gym was not without its flaws. Faculty and College administration united in deciding that College funds would be better put to use elsewhere. Many of the athletic coaches even labeled the gym's layout as unsuitable.

As the delays wore on and on, mainly because of administrative fiscal caution and student apathy, the permit to build in the Park, hailed as a pioneering public-private partnership when it was granted, became an embarassment to the city, as city officials quietly urged Columbia to build the gym, and opposition politicians quickly found a sticking point from which to oppose the establishment. And as the permit came up for review each time, the community groups tacked on more and more stringent demands, finally exacting an Olympic-sized pool and a vastly expanded basketball arena out of the increasingly frustrated Trustees.

When the Trustees finally authorized the construction of the gymnasium, largely under tremendous pressure from all directions, it was already February of 1968. Two months later, student protests shut down the campus.

===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:specplan.jpg|Columbia Spectator Overview
Image:campuswithgym.jpg|Campus with built gym
Image:southfieldgym-eggers.jpg|Variant of gym after 1968 riots
</gallery>
==Aftershocks of '68==
===Unwelcome Positions===
To characterize the aftershocks of 1968 as only recently exorcised is accurate in terms of architectural, and for a large part, institutional standing. The effects of 1968 deeply wounded the University as star faculty took flight, alumni tightened their purse strings, and the idea of conducting research on a campus taken over by radicals like Mark Rudd seemed less than palatable. Columbia would not restore its academic standing, establish its financial strength, or recover its institutional profile for over two decades. It's campus and architectural endeavors, however, have only been recovered this past year.
===I. M. Pei===
Why Trustees hired Pei is a something of a mystery - the architect was had not yet reached the level of prominence he holds today, and had never worked with neoclassical design before. There are two explanations for this: one is the compelling explanation, and the other is the cynical explanation which I have learned through informal interviews.

The compelling explanation is that Pei was hired out of a genuine and pressing need to re-evaluate the McKim, Mead, and White Master Plan. Columbia University, to McKim, was simply a study in building placement and construction. By the late 1960s, it had become a question of land usage, land zoning, affordable housing, community boards, and many other local and city-level concerns that simply didn't exist when Morningside Heights was rural farmland.

The cynical explanation is that the Trustees hired I. M. Pei because they knew of his eclectic tastes and surmised that his designs would not be greeted with enthusiasm. They needed someone to shield them from the still-simmering community and alumni backlash. Finally, they needed to illustrate why expanding off campus, while momentarily undesirable, was the only choice left. The cynics point to facts like the budget the Trustees saddled Pei with, the autonomy they granted him in dealing with the community, their failure to support him when community group and student alike began expressing their contempt for his plan, his rather indignant resignation, and his refusal, to this day, to talk about or to Columbia University.

From the outset, Pei was forced into a difficult position. As an architect, he was tasked by the University to talk to community groups and solicit input over what would be appropriate architectural planning. Pei was quite unprepared for the many additional layers of meaning that had in Morningside Heights. The problems were exacerbated by Pei's reluctance to take a stand on issues outside of architecture, such as zoning, gentrification, and the Morningside Gym.

In any case, it is universally agreed that his plans, carried through to fruition, would have fundamentally altered the face of the campus.
===The Pei Master Plan===
The I. M. Pei Master Plan, eschewing McKim's conceptions of atria and openness, opted for what he called "intensive use of the land", meaning precisely that. The campus would be built on and developed to its maximum appropriate usage. It also made no attempt whatsoever to contextualize within the McKim plan, preferring a coherent series of well-designed (eg. as opposed to Uris) contrasts.
====The South Campus====
[[Image:southfieldtower.jpg|right|thumb|South Field tower from John Jay]]
Pei's plans for South Field are the most memorable parts of his plan. The picture of the slender twin towers rising out of where McKim's planned inner rank of dormitories would have stood are circulated far and wide. The buildings, at twenty-three stories each, would have housed faculty and administrative offices, not student quarters, and would have faced each other across from South Field. Pei also suggested the unpopular notion of curtailing the width of the South Field, implying, of all things, that it was too big!

The usages of the twin towers mirrored Pei's sense of purpose and utility. Faculty and administrative offices had been spread throughout the McKim pavilions depriving them of their proper usage, namely to serve as classroom space. Pei wanted to concentrate faculty and administration into the two towers. Two notions, that faculty preferred having offices close to where they taught, and that students, especially those of the inebriated variety, might not take kindly to hundreds of administrators and professors just steps from their dormitories were not considered.
[[Image:peiconcourse.jpg|left|thumb|South Field underground concourse]]
The second aspect of Pei's plans for South Field was to literally hollow it out. Part of the April Fool's cover for the 1967 Spectator was a headline blaring that the University intended to hollow out South Field for use as a gymnasium. It became reality in Pei's plan. It wasn't the first, however. Eggers & Higgins, after the Morningside Park fiasco, hurriedly prepared plans for a multi-level gymnasium underground near South Field. However, the aftereffects of the 1968 protests had rendered Kirk, Eggers & Higgins, and for a time, the very concept of a Columbia gymnasium (there is a reason our present gymnasium is called a "Physical Fitness Center"), politically and practically impossible.

Pei did not want to devote the South Field exclusively to a gym. It would be a five-level underground facility that would house a Columbia College Library, a gymnasium complete with pool, running track, and multiple basketball courts, a bookstore, lounges, meeting rooms, a post office, and a student center. The idea of connecting the underground facility with the 116th Street subway station was even floated.
====The North Campus====
On the north end of the campus, in what remained of the Grove, Pei's plans remained no less startling. Pei, committed to his ideas about density, suggested a radical approach to constructing the still-unbuilt, yet much-needed laboratories. Engineering at Columbia, having been hit hard by the take-offs of institutions like MIT, Caltech, Stanford, and Berkeley, sooner found even the spacious Mudd to be limiting. Pei proposed that the Engineering School to be expanded to fill in the space between Mudd and Schermerhorn along Amsterdam, in effect, turning Mudd into an L-shape building and forming an airshaft by Mudd, Schermerhorn, and Fairchild.

Immediately north of Uris Hall, however, was Pei's most radical creation of all. A new chemistry facility, which would house the department (and leave Havemeyer Hall to less lab-based academic work) would rise, overhanging the circular Uris Hall Library. The new building would be shaped like a long rectangular box, and rest on a shorter box of lesser proportions. In it's length, it would almost reach entirely cross-campus. Pei also revisited the idea of a science library on the site of the present site of the Pupin tennis courts but his design there is much more conventional.

===Breakdown===
The breakdown of the University's working relationship with Pei can be attributed to a variety of factors, most of all communication. Pei insisted on complete autonomy, but that autonomy led him to experience, first hand, the wrath and frustration of neighborhood groups. The University's reluctance to back him made these problems so bad that Pei soon referred to them as "embarrassing". Moreover, and this is where the cynics draw their biggest arguments, Pei's plans were pretty pictures but shockingly unrealistic.

The concentrated presence of faculty and administrators in the twin towers on South Field would have negatively affected student dynamics. The scale of the towers and the size of the new chemistry facility would have casted many unwanted shadows on campus and would have only succeeded in fencing off the student population more. Furthermore, the extravagant cost of the South Field scheme, estimated at $35 million, was greater than Columbia's total debt at a time when the University was running regular deficits. It simply could not have been paid for.

Finally, what made Pei's plans ultimately unacceptable were not just that they were unrealistic, but that they were not Columbia. A city like New York is not conducive to physically integrous entities like Columbia University. Witness the spate of colleges forced to decentralize and spread out: NYU, Fordham, Pace, and the like. Yet Columbia's governing authorities, in 1755, in 1784, in 1787, in 1857, in 1894, again, again, and again rejected the idea that Columbia would operate as anything but an academic community, intellectually and physically.

One of Pei's loudest and most persistent calls was for Columbia to decentralize move units of the University to other parts of the city, "in order to permit growth of those with must remain on the Heights". As late as 1970, the members of the University Senate were considering even moving the College outside of the city. On June 30, 1970, Pei, completely fed up with waffling on behalf of the administration, increasingly hostile receptions at community functions, the general lack of enthusiasm for his creations, as well as the just-uncovered news of the state of University finances which almost certainly relegated his creations to the drafting board, resigned, stating, "Columbia must now weigh priorities".

Pei's visions could not have become reality. Pei was unsuited to deal with the unique demands of New York City real estate. Pei's architecture was a drastic, albeit consistent, contrast to McKim's neoclassical wonders. Pei's creations soon became synonymous with financial suicide. Finally, Pei's vision of Columbia was not the Columbia of the ages. An interesting partnership and many interesting ideas were floated, but it was one doomed from the start. Perhaps it is fitting that the only one of Pei's ideas to become reality was also the least visible one: the underground extension of the Avery Architectural Library and the underground facility holding the Avery Fine Arts Library.

===Return to Sanity===
Following Pei's resignation, and the ascension of McGill to the Presidency, Columbia could finally begin to look forward. The lessons of 1968 had been ingrained on a University that, previously, could expand at will. But I. M. Pei's plans also impressed upon the apocryphal naysayers of the impracticality of remaining permanently fenced in. Something had to be done, but Columbia's institutional house had to first be put in order.

McGill put the finances back on track, and the following President, Michael Sovern, had firsthand experience of 1968, having served as Chair of the Executive Committee of the Faculty. Sovern established the financial strength by finally selling off Rockefeller Center. Sovern also began the unpalatable task of filling in what few spaces were left of the campus. To his credit, the buildings erected were deemed to be, if not completely acceptable, then at least far better than what went up during Kirk's building frenzy. Some, like both the Schapiro dormitory and the Schapiro CEPSR and the Computer Science Building, even garnered praise. Others, like the Uris Extension, sought to soften the blow of Kirk's rather banal legacy.

By 1994, it was universally agreed that Columbia had made huge strides and had largely exorcised the ghosts of 1968. Yet the with the recovery of the University's academic, financial, and institutional standing, the need to expand became pressing once more. The task would fall to a new President with a bold new vision for what Columbia University could be.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:pei-plan.jpg|The I. M. Pei Master Plan
Image:towers.jpg|The infamous towers
Image:pei-underground.jpg|Detail of underground
Image:pei-aerial.jpg|Aerial view of campus
</gallery>
==Manhattanville==
See [[Manhattanville campus]].

[[Category:Campuses]]
[[Category:Morningside Heights campus]]
[[Category:Campus buildings]]

Development of the Morningside Heights campus

2007-03-12T13:22:23Z

Rab2148: /* The North Campus */

'''Morningside Heights''' was the name given to the area when prominent civic and religious institutions moved here in the 1890s. Morningside Heights, so named because of prominent sunrise on the cliff of Morningside Park, was initially farmland that did not see serious development until the opening of the IRT 1/9 subway station at 116th Street in 1904. The first Columbia institution to open up new quarters was [[Teachers College]] in 1894. Barnard College and Columbia University (just renamed the previous year from [[Columbia College]]) officially moved in 1897.

==Essential Character==
[[Image:49thcampus.jpg|right|thumb|The 49th Street Campus]]
By the late 1880s, it was clear that the the campus at 49th Street and Madison Avenue could not accommodate any more development. Columbia College at that time was crammed into literally one city block - one block downtown from 50th to 49th Street and one block crosstown from Fourth to Madison Avenues. President Barnard's aggressive initiatives to transform Columbia College into a world-class university had forced new construction which could not have even been imagined during the move to the "temporary" site. A Gothic-style six-story library had been built, that also accommodated Theodore Dwight's Law School. The School of Mines, formerly assigned an abandoned broom factory, was also the recipient of a new academic facility. Finally, Hamilton Hall, a dormitory complete with statue of Alexander Hamilton (that stands in front of our present [[Hamilton Hall]]), was erected at the west end of the campus.

The campus was not yet cramped, as there were still spacious courtyards and walkways through the campus, but for a school that enrolled ten times the number of students it had two decades before, and had limitless plans to keep on growing, it was readily apparent that the lone city block in what was then far uptown would seriously inhibit further growth.

The Trustees of Columbia College at this point convened, and looked to the same question that had plagued them in 1754, 1776, and then again in 1857: How to operate a college with undetermined space requirements in the middle of a rapidly growing city. Again, they looked at the same options presented in the past: disperse the College's departments and schools throughout the city, move uptown and keep the College together, or relocate to the countryside.

In 1891, the Trustees, led by William Schermerhorn, committed Columbia to "retain its essential character as a university in the heart of New York". Shortly afterwards, Columbia acquired the lands of the Bloomingdale Asylum (116th to 120th Streets, between Broadway and Amsterdam) for $2 million.

With the site decided on, the Trustees, led by Seth Low's $3 million gift to fund Low Library, and goaded by other Trustees such as William Schermerhorn and Cornelius Vanderbilt, dug into their collective pockets and generously gave to the cause, in addition to tacitly encouraging Columbia's first fundraising campaign. The results were odd, as not all the big givers were Columbia Trustees or alumni, but names like Avery, Dodge, Havemeyer, Lewisohn, and Fayerweather were introduced into the popular Columbia lexicon for the first time.

The vision affirmed, the new campus selected, the buildings and grounds largely paid for, and the "essential character" retained, the next step, picking the architect, would define to the world what this new Columbia University would be.

==The Master Plan==
===Guiding Principles===
[[Image:mmw.jpg|left|thumb|Charles Follen McKim, George Mead, Stanford White]]
The task given to the Trustees was formidable. Colleges and universities were the exclusive domain of the countryside, yet Columbia stubbornly remained in the city. There was some precedent from the European universities and the University of Chicago, but the Trustees were flagrantly opposed to anything that might lead to a University of the City of New York (NYU)-style "breaking-up" of the Columbia academic community.

Although the new campus was a tenfold increase in size over the old, the planning committee realized that space must still be carefully used and economized, if the University was going to reach its potential in the coming decades. Thus, at the same time that the Trustees were creating new inroads in higher education by leaving Columbia in the city, they also sought to redefine how a city university ought to function in terms of building placement, building design space usage, and the like.

Three architects where invited to take part in the initial campus planning. Two were Richard Morris Hunt, a prominent New York architect, and Charles Coolidge Haight, who had served as Columbia College's architect on 49th Street.

The third was Charles Follen McKim, of the design firm McKim, Mead, and White. They were undoubtedly the favorites of American architecture at the time, leading the neoclassical revival. Some of their more notable creations included (or would include) the Boston Public Library, Pennsylvania Station New York (torn down in 1966 to make way for Madison Square Garden), and 30th Street Station Philadelphia.

The only precedent for an American university inside of an urban fabric was the University of Chicago. It was designed as a series of courtyards, with enclosed rectangles working into the street grid. The three architects basically stood by that ideal in their designs. However, Haight's vision was little more than a glorified recapitulation of the 49th Street campus, and Hunt's plan was an uninspiring grouping of enclosed squares. As the Trustees were looking for something bold and daring, they had little patience for the decidedly timid submissions from Hunt and Haight. Thus, in 1893, McKim, Mead, and White were designated the chief architects of the new campus.
===The "City Beautiful"===
[[Image:italian.jpg|right|thumb|The City Beautiful]]
Charles Follen McKim's plan, perpetuated as the Master Plan, and religiously adhered to for almost three-quarters of a century, astounded and impressed the Trustees in two ways. The first, is that though McKim also worked with courtyards and squares, he also introduced the axis. McKim emulated a near-forgotten Italian conception that arose from the Renaissance called the "City Beautiful" approach. Instead of clumping buildings together in courtyards, the City Beautiful approach called for intersecting, perpendicular axes of which the most distinctive and memorable elements of the institution would be placed on or at the intersection of the axes. The two most visible axes today are the Uris-Low-Butler north-south axis, and the Earl-Low-St. Paul's east-west axis. The "City Beautiful" approach also advocated placing the most important building squarely at or near the intersection of the axes, so as to promote a vision of importance and centralism. During the Renaissance, it was the church, with houses and markets lining the streets leading up to it. In the enlightened 20th century, it was the library.

The second way the Master Plan delighted the Trustees was the sheer uniqueness of the architecture. Collegiate architecture, up to this point, had been, by definition, synonymous with Gothic, evoking the monasteries and cathedrals that were the first European universities. It was therefore both refreshing and bold for a Trustee to announce that "in attempting the Gothic we shall at once appear to be imitating the English universities, and shall thereby suggest a comparison which can scarcely fail to be unfavorable to us". New insight in hand, the Trustees quickly decided that the architecture of Greece and Rome "is the style which will appeal most to strongly to educated popular taste, and will be most likely to secure an imposing architectural effect", and who better to carry out that mission than the renowned American neoclassicists McKim, Mead, and White?

Thus the plans were drawn, and the image of Columbia University was at last fully defined. However, the campus as it stands today cannot be said to have been faithful to the aims of the Master Plan. Even thought McKim pioneered the City Beautiful uses of axes, he didn't want to eliminate the enclosed courtyard entirely. He wanted to strike a balance between what he termed the "atrium" of the campus, designed specifically to highlight its most prominent architecture, and the smaller, more intimate courtyard. Yet, on our campus today, only one such courtyard exists, the St. Paul's-Fayerweather-Schermerhorn-Avery. The other courtyards were simply left unbuilt, initially out of financial circumstance rather than changes in campus design. But, as the years progressed, the open spaces in areas like the Philosophy Lawn and the Vam Amringe Quad began to be seen as a blessing rather than a waste of space, which, in the City of New York is all but a guarantee that they will never be filled.

We owe much to McKim, Mead, and White, for they defined the Columbia University of today. They offered a bold vision of what a college in the world city of the west ought to look like, and in doing so, combined power and grace, strength and order, beauty and subtlety in a compelling vision that became the Master Plan. Yet, as much as they are lauded for the ingenious application of axes and atriums as well as the unique brand of architecture, the campus has developed virtually ignoring the other aspect of their vision, namely small, intimate courtyards. Regardless of that, Columbia University would grow and prosper according to the Master Plan, until the student riots of 1968 finally forced the Trustees to evaluate new options.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:masterplan.jpg|McKim's Master Plan
Image:masterview1.jpg|View northwest with courtyards
Image:masterview2.jpg|View northwest with courtyards
</gallery>
==Butler & His Legacy==
===South Field===
Butler was present at the formulation of the Master Plan, but his commitment to it persisted at Columbia for years after he left. One of the first things he did was, after positing the opinion that "the area of the site ... will be entirely insufficient for the work of the University in the very near future", was push for the purchase of the South Field, running from 114th to 116th Streets between Broadway and Amsterdam. Once acquired, the South Field was designated by Butler, in his continuing push to make Columbia University more of a national university that recruited students from outside New York City, to be a residential district. All this stood in stark contrast to President Low's vision of a University "in and of the city", where commuting students would return to their lives in the city after a day of classes at Columbia. All this also figured very neatly into Charles McKim's Master Plan that envisioned courtyards in the fields, providing an intimate residential setting for students. The dormitories - Hartley, Livingston (now Wallach), and Furnald - were built as money became available, but the vision of the residential courtyards was never realized.
===University Hall===
[[Image:uhall.jpg|left|thumb|University Hall]]
One of McKim's vaguest elements would turn into a thorn that would plague Columbia University until the early 1960s. During the planning phase, McKim set aside space behind Low Library for a building that would combine gymnasium, dining hall, and academic theatre, that would provide a focal point for student life. As the Master Plan matured, McKim turned his attention to designing this new University Hall. It was slated to be a magnificent neoclassical structure, complementing Low Library's academic focus with that of student life. The building plan became grander and grander, with additional features added such as the university's power and steam plant as well as a 25-yard pool, the only parts still surviving today. Construction began in 1895 with the University funding the foundations of University Hall (namely the pool and the power plant), and leaving the upper levels to be built with alumni funds. By the early twentieth century, this was akin to admitting defeat: Columbia College had been more or less permanently relegated, and Columbia never made an effort to cultivate the alumni base at all. Hence, the money never appeared.
[[Image:uhall_lib.jpg|right|thumb|University Hall Library]]
University Hall would be revisited again and again by Butler and his successors as they repeatedly evaluated and re-evaluated the building's purpose and funding in the next few decades. The most notable proposal happened in 1927, when it became clear that Low Memorial Library simply could not accommodate the needs of the rapidly growing university. Charles Williamson, Director of the Columbia University Libraries, opinioned to Butler that the conception of University Hall might be used to greater purpose as a research library. Given the priorities of the University at this time, it was a very reasonable suggestion. Williamson's proposal was sweeping in its scope, calling for the completion of University Hall and its physical merge with Low Library. The "bridge" that connected the two buildings would serve as a cavernous reading room, and the University Hall side would reach eight stories, with a stack core capable of holding six million books (Butler Library currently holds two million). In the end, the combination of the exorbitant price tag, the radical alterations needed to be made to University Hall, and the physical and technical challenges of storing books in the same facility as a power plant and a swimming pool sunk the grandiose scheme.

For the library, Butler and his administration looked towards South Field. When Low envisioned the new campus for Columbia, he stressed the necessity of a vista from which a student could look out to the city from whence he came, and would someday return to. As Morningside Heights is on a hill, the south end of the campus provided a perfect vantage point to view the city that was rapidly rising up. But by the 1930s, the row houses on 114th Street effectively blocked views of midtown and downtown. Building a research library on vacant land also provided for a much more palatable $3.5 million price tag to the chief donor, Edward Harkness. While University Hall - essentially a student center - languished unbuilt, Columbia's research library was finished in 1934, and, perhaps to silence any doubters of where the University's priorities lay, undergraduates were not even allowed in.

What happened to University Hall deserves its own saga. For a time, the University built a temporary structure at campus level to house offices and a makeshift kitchen before John Jay Dining Hall opened. During the skyscraper-building craze of the 1930s, there was even some talk of finishing University Hall as a thirty-story Art Deco skyscraper, in the style of the towers rising downtown. For the most part, the power plant, gym, and pool functioned as they continued to function today, while the University Hall foundations sat, unbuilt, for 67 years. It was the subject of annual pleas and endless embarrassment. When Percy Uris finally provided funds to finish University Hall in 1962, now renamed Uris Hall, students from the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, armed with signs blaring "WE PROTEST BAD DESIGN", "BAN THE BUILDING", and "NO MORE UGLIES", picketed its dedication. It was a sad ending to an even sadder story.

===The Science Buildings===
[[Image:120th.jpg|left|thumb|The 120th Street Laboratories]]
By the 1920s, it was clear that the University's focus on science could not be realized within the confines of Schermerhorn and Havemeyer Halls. The beginnings of Columbia's dominant strengths in physics and chemistry were hitting the physical constraints of limited lab space. For a while, Butler and his administration contented themselves by believing that extensions to Schermerhorn and Havemeyer Halls could accomodate the lab, office, and classroom space needed for the expanding science departments, and in turn constructed Chandler Laboratories (named after the first School of Mines Dean Charles Frederick Chandler) and the Schermerhorn Extension. But a combination of two factors pushed for more development. The first was that the extensions, spacious as they seemed, would inevitably be filled to capacity within a few short years.

The second was a combination of aesthetic ambition and forward-looking insight. The north end of the campus, primarily 119th to 120th Street from Broadway to Amsterdam was called, at the time, simply "The Grove". It was largely vacant and the Trustees toyed with several ideas of developing it. Before and after the purchase of South Field, dormitories were broached as a possible use of the Grove. At one point, Olmstead Brothers (the same firm that had designed Central Park) recommended a series of formal plantings and landscaping, to make the Grove a arboretum of sorts, unoccupied by ungainly academic buildings. Common sense won out eventually, and the idea of leaving the Grove vacant was quietly scrapped.

However, the question on what to do with the Grove still remained. The space was there and available for development, and the McKim Master Plan had not addressed any buildings north of University Hall. Butler, in 1926, advanced an ambitious plan, both to provide both generous space to accommodate future growth in the science departments, and, for the first time, to establish an imposing skyline for the Columbia campus. McKim, Mead, and White accommodating his wishes and responded with a plan calling for five buildings fronting 120th Street: two slender, twenty-story skyscrapers at the corners, two twelve-story structures in between, and a seventeens-story tower in the very center. The five buildings would have been dedicated exclusively to physics, chemistry, and the emerging engineering sciences.

The ambitious plans were unfortunately not realized, for a combination of reasons. The first was that there wasn't a need - yet - of the ambitious scale of the proposed buildings. Second was the difficulty of reconciling the neoclassical construction and detail of the structures with the very real structural and physical demands of a laboratory building. Simply put, the amount of reinforcement and protection required by the laboratories made McKim's trademark cornicing and detail work exorbitantly expensive to implement. Finally, the cost of the plan, which seemed to grow endlessly, combined with the relative lack of need, committed all but one building to remain permanently on the drawing board. The one structure that did get built, Pupin Physics Laboratories, very adequately served the needs of the rapidly rising Department of Physics for the next few decades.

As for the rest of the skyline, the Seeley W. Mudd Building, home of the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, was completed at the corner of 120th and Amsterdam in 1961, reviled then as now as a glorified cinder block. The space in the center stood vacant for years while the Trustees toyed with the idea of erecting a diminutive art gallery there, before accommodating Pegram Laboratories, a modest structure adjoining Pupin Hall that housed a particle accelerator. That was demolished in 1955 and again stood vacant until 1992 when the Schapiro Center for Engineering and Physical Science Research was built. In this case, there was at last an attempt (although to what degree of success is still a matter of contention) to use McKim's vision as a guideline, visible in its limestone facade, Harvard brick lining, contextual roofing material, and generally faithful shape, in stark contrast to the banal and uninspiring Mudd Building and Uris Hall that ignored, if not insulted, McKim's Master Plan.
===The Riverside Park Stadium===
[[Image:stadium.jpg|right|thumb|Riverside Park Stadium]]
Perhaps it is a fortunate thing for Columbia University's leadership that so little is known about the Riverside Park Stadium because the sheer scale of what might have been might provoke riots. Here are the facts, such as they are. McKim, Mead, and White never considered a stadium in their Master Plan, but a widely circulated drawing of a stadium by Palmer and Hornbostel to be placed at the foot of 116th Street, fronting the Hudson River has, time and time again, fired the popular imagination. The structure was a majestic neoclassical creation, reminiscent of the Circus Maximus in Rome, with marble statues and symbols lining the sides. No information on how many people it seated or what sports it could have hosted is given, but the architectural drawing indicates a track, and not one, but two playing fields. Additionally, a boathouse would have been constructed in the vicinity, and due to the fact that it literally fronted the Hudson River, docks were placed at both ends for aquatic sports.

What happened to this gem of gems is history. Columbia University secured permission from the City of New York to build on that patch of land in 1906. Football had been banned, ostensibly for "rowdiness", the previous year. The College, which the stadium would have almost exclusively served, made up less than 20% of University enrollments, and did not even have its own building yet (Hamilton Hall would not be built until 1907). For the stadium to have been built with University funds would have been akin to the University renouncing the notion, set in motion by Barnard, and followed up by Low and Butler, that the University's priorities lay with the graduate and professional faculties. For the stadium to have been built with alumni funds would have been a flight of pure fancy, as University Hall's checkered history of sitting unbuilt for 67 years waiting for alumni funds can more than attest to, combined with the College alumni's general (and justified) mistrust that the University would misappropriate their donations for other purposes.

With football returning in 1915, the University would again and again, in the next decade, look for a venue to place its sports facilities. For the time being, they placed a temporary facility in the middle of South Field, with a track and grandstands running around the edge. Columbia's much lauded legends like Lou Gehrig played in those temporary facilities. By 1923, Baker Field Stadium was up and running, but it was not until the mid-1960s that the last aspects of the South Field athletic facilities were finally torn down. However, the idea of a stadium that wasn't five miles away continued to fire the popular and professional imagination. In 1931, Max Abramovitz, who would later go on to design the International Affairs Building, the Law School, and the United Nations, submitted what was possibly the last gasp for a Riverside Park Stadium. It was located near the site of Palmer and Hornbostel's stadium, but scaled back in size (one field only), scope (as it did not front the river, crew was not accommodated), and aesthetics (much less detailed than Palmer and Hornbostel's creation). Again, it based the same problems as did Palmer and Hornbostel, with the additional challenge that a fully functional stadium for Columbia University's athletics, albeit five miles away, already existed.

The Riverside Park Stadium is, like University Hall, another great missed opportunity that we only recognize with the 20/20 vision that comes with regretful hindsight. But, in those days, the University's priorities clearly lay elsewhere. Instead of the twenty-minute trip to Baker Field and the monolithic eyesore that is Uris Hall, the grandiose yet unrealized plans for improving student life, such as the stadii and buildings that never (or partially) got off the drawing board, are perhaps the most painful reminder of what might have been and the clearest indicator of how different from our present Alma Mater was the Columbia University of yesteryear.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:ulib_plan.jpg|University Hall Library
Image:uplans.jpg|University Hall plans
Image:usky.jpg|Uris skyscraper proposal
Image:usky2.jpg|Uris skyscraper proposal
Image:picketers.jpg|Architecture students protest Uris
Image:stadiumplans1.jpg|Palmer and Hornbostel Stadium
Image:stadiumplans2.jpg|Abramovitz stadium
</gallery>
==The Kirk Empire==
===A New World===
The departure of Nicholas Murray Butler left the University headless and flailing. The Trustees, all of whom became Trustees under Butler's reign, were suddenly thrust into a power vacuum that they never experienced before - the domineering, micromanaging Butler had led the University in setting policy, pursuing agendas, hiring faculty, and the like for over forty years. Their next choice of President, Dwight Eisenhower, is pointed by some to be an indication that the Trustees needed a breather to learn and perform their functions again. Indeed, Dwight Eisenhower did not disappoint as even the most generous observers labeled his tenure a "part-time" Presidency.

When the ascension of Grayson Kirk to the Presidency, Columbia was once again under visionary, academic, and activist leadership. Kirk joined Columbia during the closing years of the Butler imperium and served as Provost under Eisenhower. Although Kirk was not present during Columbia's Golden Age in the early twentieth century, he certainly felt the full effects that World War II had upon academia. No longer the cloistered Ivory Tower of bespectacled academics, universities were now called upon to contribute to the scientific, economic, and technological needs of the nation. Hence, bigger was better. The biggest universities, the biggest labs, the biggest faculties, the biggest research grants. Public universities experienced their first take-off, as did institutional behemoths-to-be like Stanford.
===Post-War Buildup===
Back on Morningside Heights, Grayson Kirk, recognizing the inadequacies of thirty-six acres on Morningside Heights as well as the new face of academia that was defined by the Cold War, began to formulate a new plan to revitalize and expand Columbia's physical plant. The last building, Butler Library, completed in 1934, served its function, but the burgeoning spate of new demands and new roles taken up by universities after World War II necessitated an even greater expansion, intellectually and physically.

The first vestiges of a wide-scale government-academic partnership grew out of the Second World War, where Columbia was the fourth-largest recipient of Federal funds. But the looming threat of a Soviet Empire cemented this partnership, one that survives and thrives to this very day. During the war, aesthetics fell by the wayside as functionality determined the order of the day. After the war, with the threat of an even greater war, that sentiment remained.

The International Affairs Building and the Law School (now Jerome Greene Hall) were the first buildings to rise on the area known as East Campus, which the Trustees and the President ignored for the past twenty years. The IAB took in Columbia's expanding School of International Affairs, and the Law School finally allowed the Law Faculty to evacuate the crowded and restrictive Kent Hall for more spacious quarters.

In the mid-1950s, with the acceleration of the Cold War and the beginning of the space race, the Engineering School, restricted for years in Mathematics Hall, was suddenly subjected to new attention both from Low Library and from Washington. To compete with the Soviet Union in technological revolution that was to come, it needed far more space than McKim could have possibly imagined. For some time, it considered relocating to Riverside Drive and starting a separate complex of buildings. By 1958, the proponents of physical compactness won out, and Voorhees, Walker, Smith, & Smith submitted drawings for the Seeley W. Mudd Engineering Building. It was, in the spirit of the 1950s, and like any other engineering built at any other university campus, cold, utilitarian, but extremely functional, and was designed with only two purposes in mind: to create as much lab space to carry out the research work against the Soviet threat as possible, and to create as much lecture space to train the engineers who would carry out the research work against the Soviet threat as possible.

Meanwhile, on the south end of campus, the first undergraduate structure to be erected since John Jay Hall was coming to fruition. It wasn't built, however, out of a desire to house students. Columbia had a somewhat justified reputation as a commuter college, and undergraduates, for the most part, contented themselves with living in the area, off campus (it was not until the late 1980s that Columbia could offer four years' worth of housing to all undergraduates). It was built because Columbia had the good fortune to recieve a donation from the Booth family for a student center at the same time as it was approved to recieve a loan from the Federal Housing and Home Agency for dormitory housing. Thus, Columbia built the Carman/Ferris Booth complex, but as a stipulation of the loan to construct Ferris Booth, the FHHA strictly forbade a link between the dorm and the student center, a condition adhered to even today in Alfred Lerner Hall.

The results of Kirk's building frenzy, which finished with the picketed Uris Hall in 1961, are generally disdained. In all of the structures, there was no attempt made to imitate or even to respect McKim's themes, or to consider what impact their scale, shapes, and angles would have on the rest of the campus. Commentary was likewise acerbic: the Law School was promptly labeled a "toaster", Carman Hall's corridor-style living arrangements were referred to as a "Victorian reformatory", Mudd was "a brick". As for Uris Hall, donor (and Trustee) Percy Uris called it a "fine building, completely suitable". Everyone else saw it as the "final assassination of McKim's ambitions".

Perhaps nothing is more telling as to general student, faculty, and public attitudes to this period than an event that occurred in 1961. Radio station WKCR invited Architecture Professor Percival Goodman to comment on the recent surge of building. What he said to this day remains a mystery, because the Columbia administration promptly confiscated those tapes.
===Remaking Morningside Heights===
While Kirk led the Trustees to building after building, he knew that the rapidly filling campus would not be able to keep pace with his institutional ambitions. As early as 1960, he began looking off campus in one of the most wide-ranging expansion ever considered in Columbia's history to that point. Perhaps he was also goaded on by a oft-told failed opportunity in the annals of Columbia history, where financier J. Pierpont Morgan advised Butler that there was no need to buy up all the land around Columbia in the early 1900s because the land would, presumably, always be there for the taking. While he built on-campus, he never took his eye off the big picture of when it was no longer desirable to crowd the thirty-six acre patch any further.

By 1961, the University subscribed to a plan set forth by the city for urban renewal in the Morningside Heights area. It's objectives were vague, but it could already be seen that the University's actions would be like nothing it had ever attempted before. The tittering grew louder as Columbia, through the early to mid-1960s, purchased every inch of real estate it could in the area. When the University, for the first time, launched a largest-in-academic-history capital campaign with the goal of $200 million, it was no longer deniable that Kirk's brainchild would be nothing short of revolutionary.

Under pressure from an increasingly nervous community and an increasingly curious student body, the Trustees released a preliminary map of the goals of the $200 million campaign. In it, the University would have annexed every city block (and closed off to traffic) south to 111th Street. It was the ultimate culmination of McKim's ambitions and Butler's legacy.

[[Image:1966plan.jpg|center|thumb|The 1966 Plan]]

Information on what this expansion would have entailed is sketchy at best, as no definite architectural plans or renderings were drawn up for any of the buildings - the map was an early conception of a project lasting a decade or more. The only publication put forth by the administration was a lengthy pamphlet describing the needs and goals of such an expansion, written for fundraising purposes, with little in the way of specifics. The pamphlet itself focused on two aspects of expansion that would, presumably, garner the most attention. The first is undergraduate life; the second is science.

===Expanding Columbia College===
Even though it ostensibly focuses much attention on undergraduate needs, that too must be qualified. The justification for expanding Columbia College, as laid out in the pamphlet, was simply to "enlarge the reservoir of potential Ph.D.'s and professional men". The Butler-era conception of the College as a feeder gymnasium into the professional schools was still largely at work.

====The Columbia College Library====

At this point in time, Butler Library was still a closed-stack library, and still geared almost exclusively to the graduate and professional schools. The one part Columbia College students were allowed to use is today's Room 209, the long reading room with the stained-glass portrait of Peter Stuyvesant. All other parts were simply off-limits.

Recognizing that the Columbia College Library was operating over capacity, the plan envisioned an extension of Butler Library across 114th Street that would accommodate undergraduates, undergraduates doing advanced research work, as well as, of course, first-year graduate students. The map suggests a 75% increase in the size of Butler Library, but actual architectural plans were never drawn up.

The Columbia College Library, as envisioned, would have accommodated 300,000 volumes in open stacks, and hosted 2,000 individual study spaces. The facility would have been air conditioned and made provisions for "individualized electronic equipment".

====The Undergraduate Residential College====

Recognizing the reality of having not nearly enough housing to accommodate all undergraduates (and perhaps also goaded by Low Library to increase enrollments to keep pace with the rest of the Ivy League), the plans also showed a residential college arrangement of buildings stretching from 114th to 111th Street. Details on this are even scantier than on the Library, but the new structures would have housed at least 2,000 students - the entire incoming freshmen and sophomore class of the projected expansion to 4,000 students from 2,700. They would have also included "dining halls, guest quarters, library studies, exercise rooms, and rooms for music and art".
===Developing the Grove===
It's easy to assume that the buildings on the north end of campus have always been there. But the truth is, the majority of those structures did not exist until 1980. When Kirk looked north from Low Library, he only saw Pupin Hall and the monolithic Mudd Building. The possibilities and needs for expansion were tantalizing.

====Biological Sciences====

Columbia's strengths in the life sciences faltered somewhat during the afternoon on the Hudson, but the field itself, neglected in favor of war-time research, was excellently positioned to take part in the wide-scale flowering of academia as the world returned to normal. The Biology and Chemistry departments, cramped into Havemeyer and Schermerhorn Halls (barely abetted by extensions), found themselves competing for space with newly-prominent interdisciplinary studies. Proper laboratory facilities for the new era of life science research were simply not to be had in the venerable but aging McKim creations.

The plans made room for a new Biological Sciences building, which would house Biology, Psychology, and the emerging interdisciplinary studies. It would have stood in where is now the Schapiro CEPSR (which is dedicated to physical, rather than life sciences). By the time it was finally built as the Sherman Fairchild Center for Life Sciences in 1977, it was ingeniously moved in front of Mudd to provided the bland facade with a modicum of respectability.

====Science Auditorium====

A very interesting proposal put forth was the Science Auditorium. The justification for such an auditorium was that as the University increased enrollments, it would become prohibitively expensive to duplicate scientific demonstrations in science lectures. The auditorium would have been one facility, designed to accommodate physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering lectures. It would have also provided laboratory space. The hall would have seated at least 400 students and would have been located in what is now the Levien Gym.

====Science Library====

A unified science library, then, as now, was and is long overdue. Because the bulk of Columbia's holdings in history and the humanities are housed in Butler, the science departments had to make do with departmental libraries. Over time, periodical literature overlapped, and finding what one needed before the age of computers often necessitated traveling to half a dozen or more libraries. Moreover, a growing debate arose over where to store journals that weren't in the traditional fields of science, such as biochemistry.

The new science library would have combined the University's holdings in science journals under one roof - serving as, in effect, as the science counterpart to Butler. It would have eliminated needless duplication, and freed up much-needed space to the respective departments, as well as provided a single destination for science researchers. It also would have been the first wide-scale application of "the new computer technology" to be put to use for the "rapid retrieval of information" in a Columbia library system.

The location for the new library would have been where the Pupin tennis courts now stand. However, the need for a unified science (and now engineering) hasn't decreased; on the contrary, it has been exacerbated by the rapidly changing nature of science. Fortunately, the new unified science library will still be built. Groundbreaking is tentatively scheduled for 2008.

===The Morningside Park Gymnasium===
[[Image:morningsidegym.jpg|left|thumb|The Morningside Park Gymnasium]]
Perhaps no building has generated as much fame and infamy as Columbia's ill-fated Morningside Park Gymnasium. Issue was first raised by Trustee Harold G. McGuire, a genuine College Believer, over the inadequacies of the University Hall Gym, which at that time consisted of the Blue Gym and the Uris Pool. On the south end of the campus, the Trustees hesitated at encroaching on any of the treasured open space. On the north end of campus, what little space remained was promised to the science and engineering departments.

Morningside Park was not so much the logical choice as it was the only choice. The planning process went without a hitch at first, but the traditionally undergraduate-unfriendly and fiscally cautious Trustees refused to commit to building a gymnasium until all the funds had been raised by alumni - a tactic used by Butler to endlessly defer University Hall. Community groups, welcoming the prospect of a gym in Morningside Park at first, gradually cooled their enthusiasms and upped their demands as seven long years dragged by with no progress in sight.

The Gym itself was built off the cliff formed by Morningside Drive and Morningside Park at 113th Street, designed by Eggers & Higgins, was a $9 million structure that was, in reality, two gyms. On top would be the gym for Columbia College (and only Columbia College) undergraduates. On the bottom was a gym for the community. Columbia was no stranger in Morningside Park - it had previously coordinated summer baseball games. But the gym was not without its flaws. Faculty and College administration united in deciding that College funds would be better put to use elsewhere. Many of the athletic coaches even labeled the gym's layout as unsuitable.

As the delays wore on and on, mainly because of administrative fiscal caution and student apathy, the permit to build in the Park, hailed as a pioneering public-private partnership when it was granted, became an embarassment to the city, as city officials quietly urged Columbia to build the gym, and opposition politicians quickly found a sticking point from which to oppose the establishment. And as the permit came up for review each time, the community groups tacked on more and more stringent demands, finally exacting an Olympic-sized pool and a vastly expanded basketball arena out of the increasingly frustrated Trustees.

When the Trustees finally authorized the construction of the gymnasium, largely under tremendous pressure from all directions, it was already February of 1968. Two months later, student protests shut down the campus.

===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:specplan.jpg|Columbia Spectator Overview
Image:campuswithgym.jpg|Campus with built gym
Image:southfieldgym-eggers.jpg|Variant of gym after 1968 riots
</gallery>
==Aftershocks of '68==
===Unwelcome Positions===
To characterize the aftershocks of 1968 as only recently exorcised is accurate in terms of architectural, and for a large part, institutional standing. The effects of 1968 deeply wounded the University as star faculty took flight, alumni tightened their purse strings, and the idea of conducting research on a campus taken over by radicals like Mark Rudd seemed less than palatable. Columbia would not restore its academic standing, establish its financial strength, or recover its institutional profile for over two decades. It's campus and architectural endeavors, however, have only been recovered this past year.
===I. M. Pei===
Why Trustees hired Pei is a something of a mystery - the architect was had not yet reached the level of prominence he holds today, and had never worked with neoclassical design before. There are two explanations for this: one is the compelling explanation, and the other is the cynical explanation which I have learned through informal interviews.

The compelling explanation is that Pei was hired out of a genuine and pressing need to re-evaluate the McKim, Mead, and White Master Plan. Columbia University, to McKim, was simply a study in building placement and construction. By the late 1960s, it had become a question of land usage, land zoning, affordable housing, community boards, and many other local and city-level concerns that simply didn't exist when Morningside Heights was rural farmland.

The cynical explanation is that the Trustees hired I. M. Pei because they knew of his eclectic tastes and surmised that his designs would not be greeted with enthusiasm. They needed someone to shield them from the still-simmering community and alumni backlash. Finally, they needed to illustrate why expanding off campus, while momentarily undesirable, was the only choice left. The cynics point to facts like the budget the Trustees saddled Pei with, the autonomy they granted him in dealing with the community, their failure to support him when community group and student alike began expressing their contempt for his plan, his rather indignant resignation, and his refusal, to this day, to talk about or to Columbia University.

From the outset, Pei was forced into a difficult position. As an architect, he was tasked by the University to talk to community groups and solicit input over what would be appropriate architectural planning. Pei was quite unprepared for the many additional layers of meaning that had in Morningside Heights. The problems were exacerbated by Pei's reluctance to take a stand on issues outside of architecture, such as zoning, gentrification, and the Morningside Gym.

In any case, it is universally agreed that his plans, carried through to fruition, would have fundamentally altered the face of the campus.
===The Pei Master Plan===
The I. M. Pei Master Plan, eschewing McKim's conceptions of atria and openness, opted for what he called "intensive use of the land", meaning precisely that. The campus would be built on and developed to its maximum appropriate usage. It also made no attempt whatsoever to contextualize within the McKim plan, preferring a coherent series of well-designed (eg. as opposed to Uris) contrasts.
====The South Campus====
[[Image:southfieldtower.jpg|right|thumb|South Field tower from John Jay]]
Pei's plans for South Field are the most memorable parts of his plan. The picture of the slender twin towers rising out of where McKim's planned inner rank of dormitories would have stood are circulated far and wide. The buildings, at twenty-three stories each, would have housed faculty and administrative offices, not student quarters, and would have faced each other across from South Field. Pei also suggested the unpopular notion of curtailing the width of the South Field, implying, of all things, that it was too big!

The usages of the twin towers mirrored Pei's sense of purpose and utility. Faculty and administrative offices had been spread throughout the McKim pavilions depriving them of their proper usage, namely to serve as classroom space. Pei wanted to concentrate faculty and administration into the two towers. Two notions, that faculty preferred having offices close to where they taught, and that students, especially those of the inebriated variety, might not take kindly to hundreds of administrators and professors just steps from their dormitories were not considered.
[[Image:peiconcourse.jpg|left|thumb|South Field underground concourse]]
The second aspect of Pei's plans for South Field was to literally hollow it out. Part of the April Fool's cover for the 1967 Spectator was a headline blaring that the University intended to hollow out South Field for use as a gymnasium. It became reality in Pei's plan. It wasn't the first, however. Eggers & Higgins, after the Morningside Park fiasco, hurriedly prepared plans for a multi-level gymnasium underground near South Field. However, the aftereffects of the 1968 protests had rendered Kirk, Eggers & Higgins, and for a time, the very concept of a Columbia gymnasium (there is a reason our present gymnasium is called a "Physical Fitness Center"), politically and practically impossible.

Pei did not want to devote the South Field exclusively to a gym. It would be a five-level underground facility that would house a Columbia College Library, a gymnasium complete with pool, running track, and multiple basketball courts, a bookstore, lounges, meeting rooms, a post office, and a student center. The idea of connecting the underground facility with the 116th Street subway station was even floated.
====The North Campus====
On the north end of the campus, in what remained of the Grove, Pei's plans remained no less startling. Pei, committed to his ideas about density, suggested a radical approach to constructing the still-unbuilt, yet much-needed laboratories. Engineering at Columbia, having been hit hard by the take-offs of institutions like MIT, Caltech, Stanford, and Berkeley, sooner found even the spacious Mudd to be limiting. Pei proposed that the Engineering School to be expanded to fill in the space between Mudd and Schermerhorn along Amsterdam, in effect, turning Mudd into an L-shape building and forming an airshaft by Mudd, Schermerhorn, and Fairchild.

Immediately north of Uris Hall, however, was Pei's most radical creation of all. A new chemistry facility, which would house the department (and leave Havemeyer Hall to less lab-based academic work) would rise, overhanging the circular Uris Hall Library. The new building would be shaped like a long rectangular box, and rest on a shorter box of lesser proportions. In it's length, it would almost reach entirely cross-campus. Pei also revisited the idea of a science library on the site of the present site of the Pupin tennis courts but his design there is much more conventional.

===Breakdown===
The breakdown of the Universty's working relationship with Pei can be attributed to a variety of factors, most of all communication. Pei insisted on complete autonomy, but that autonomy led him to experience, first hand, the wrath and frustration of neighborhood groups. The University's reluctance to back him made these problems so bad that Pei soon referred to them as "embarassing". Moreover, and this is where the cynics draw their biggest arguments, Pei's plans were pretty pictures but shockingly unrealistic.

The concentrated presence of faculty and administrators in the twin towers on South Field would have negatively affected student dynamics. The scale of the towers and the size of the new chemistry facility would have casted many unwanted shadows on campus and would have only succeeded in fencing off the student population more. Furthermore, the extravagant cost of the South Field scheme, estimated at $35 million, was greater than Columbia's total debt at a time when the University was running regular deficits. It simply could not have been paid for.

Finally, what made Pei's plans ultimately unacceptable were not just that they were unrealistic, but that they were not Columbia. A city like New York is not conducive to physically integrous entities like Columbia University. Witness the spate of colleges forced to decentralize and spread out: NYU, Fordham, Pace, and the like. Yet Columbia's governing authorities, in 1755, in 1784, in 1787, in 1857, in 1894, again, again, and again rejected the idea that Columbia would operate as anything but an academic community, intellectually and physically.

One of Pei's loudest and most persistent calls was for Columbia to decentralize move units of the University to other parts of the city, "in order to permit growth of those with must remain on the Heights". As late as 1970, the members of the University Senate were considering even moving the College outside of the city. On June 30, 1970, Pei, completely fed up with waffling on behalf of the administration, increasingly hostile receptions at community functions, the general lack of enthusiasm for his creations, as well as the just-uncovered news of the state of University finances which almost certainly relegated his creations to the drafting board, resigned, stating, "Columbia must now weigh priorities".

Pei's visions could not have become reality. Pei was unsuited to deal with the unique demands of New York City real estate. Pei's architecture was a drastic, albeit consistent, contrast to McKim's neoclassical wonders. Pei's creations soon became synonymous with financial suicide. Finally, Pei's vision of Columbia was not the Columbia of the ages. An interesting partnership and many interesting ideas were floated, but it was one doomed from the start. Perhaps it is fitting that the only one of Pei's ideas to become reality was also the least visible one: the underground extension of the Avery Architectural Library and the underground facility holding the Avery Fine Arts Library.
===Return to Sanity===
Following Pei's resignation, and the ascension of McGill to the Presidency, Columbia could finally begin to look forward. The lessons of 1968 had been ingrained on a University that, previously, could expand at will. But I. M. Pei's plans also impressed upon the apocryphal naysayers of the impracticality of remaining permanently fenced in. Something had to be done, but Columbia's institutional house had to first be put in order.

McGill put the finances back on track, and the following President, Michael Sovern, had firsthand experience of 1968, having served as Chair of the Executive Committee of the Faculty. Sovern established the financial strength by finally selling off Rockefeller Center. Sovern also began the unpalatable task of filling in what few spaces were left of the campus. To his credit, the buildings erected were deemed to be, if not completely acceptable, then at least far better than what went up during Kirk's building frenzy. Some, like both the Schapiro dormitory and the Schapiro CEPSR and the Computer Science Building, even garnered praise. Others, like the Uris Extension, sought to soften the blow of Kirk's rather banal legacy.

By 1994, it was universally agreed that Columbia had made huge strides and had largely exorcised the ghosts of 1968. Yet the with the recovery of the University's academic, financial, and institutional standing, the need to expand became pressing once more. The task would fall to a new President with a bold new vision for what Columbia University could be.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:pei-plan.jpg|The I. M. Pei Master Plan
Image:towers.jpg|The infamous towers
Image:pei-underground.jpg|Detail of underground
Image:pei-aerial.jpg|Aerial view of campus
</gallery>
==Manhattanville==
See [[Manhattanville campus]].

[[Category:Campuses]]
[[Category:Morningside Heights campus]]
[[Category:Campus buildings]]

Development of the Morningside Heights campus

2007-03-12T13:18:54Z

Rab2148: /* The Morningside Park Gymnasium */

'''Morningside Heights''' was the name given to the area when prominent civic and religious institutions moved here in the 1890s. Morningside Heights, so named because of prominent sunrise on the cliff of Morningside Park, was initially farmland that did not see serious development until the opening of the IRT 1/9 subway station at 116th Street in 1904. The first Columbia institution to open up new quarters was [[Teachers College]] in 1894. Barnard College and Columbia University (just renamed the previous year from [[Columbia College]]) officially moved in 1897.

==Essential Character==
[[Image:49thcampus.jpg|right|thumb|The 49th Street Campus]]
By the late 1880s, it was clear that the the campus at 49th Street and Madison Avenue could not accommodate any more development. Columbia College at that time was crammed into literally one city block - one block downtown from 50th to 49th Street and one block crosstown from Fourth to Madison Avenues. President Barnard's aggressive initiatives to transform Columbia College into a world-class university had forced new construction which could not have even been imagined during the move to the "temporary" site. A Gothic-style six-story library had been built, that also accommodated Theodore Dwight's Law School. The School of Mines, formerly assigned an abandoned broom factory, was also the recipient of a new academic facility. Finally, Hamilton Hall, a dormitory complete with statue of Alexander Hamilton (that stands in front of our present [[Hamilton Hall]]), was erected at the west end of the campus.

The campus was not yet cramped, as there were still spacious courtyards and walkways through the campus, but for a school that enrolled ten times the number of students it had two decades before, and had limitless plans to keep on growing, it was readily apparent that the lone city block in what was then far uptown would seriously inhibit further growth.

The Trustees of Columbia College at this point convened, and looked to the same question that had plagued them in 1754, 1776, and then again in 1857: How to operate a college with undetermined space requirements in the middle of a rapidly growing city. Again, they looked at the same options presented in the past: disperse the College's departments and schools throughout the city, move uptown and keep the College together, or relocate to the countryside.

In 1891, the Trustees, led by William Schermerhorn, committed Columbia to "retain its essential character as a university in the heart of New York". Shortly afterwards, Columbia acquired the lands of the Bloomingdale Asylum (116th to 120th Streets, between Broadway and Amsterdam) for $2 million.

With the site decided on, the Trustees, led by Seth Low's $3 million gift to fund Low Library, and goaded by other Trustees such as William Schermerhorn and Cornelius Vanderbilt, dug into their collective pockets and generously gave to the cause, in addition to tacitly encouraging Columbia's first fundraising campaign. The results were odd, as not all the big givers were Columbia Trustees or alumni, but names like Avery, Dodge, Havemeyer, Lewisohn, and Fayerweather were introduced into the popular Columbia lexicon for the first time.

The vision affirmed, the new campus selected, the buildings and grounds largely paid for, and the "essential character" retained, the next step, picking the architect, would define to the world what this new Columbia University would be.

==The Master Plan==
===Guiding Principles===
[[Image:mmw.jpg|left|thumb|Charles Follen McKim, George Mead, Stanford White]]
The task given to the Trustees was formidable. Colleges and universities were the exclusive domain of the countryside, yet Columbia stubbornly remained in the city. There was some precedent from the European universities and the University of Chicago, but the Trustees were flagrantly opposed to anything that might lead to a University of the City of New York (NYU)-style "breaking-up" of the Columbia academic community.

Although the new campus was a tenfold increase in size over the old, the planning committee realized that space must still be carefully used and economized, if the University was going to reach its potential in the coming decades. Thus, at the same time that the Trustees were creating new inroads in higher education by leaving Columbia in the city, they also sought to redefine how a city university ought to function in terms of building placement, building design space usage, and the like.

Three architects where invited to take part in the initial campus planning. Two were Richard Morris Hunt, a prominent New York architect, and Charles Coolidge Haight, who had served as Columbia College's architect on 49th Street.

The third was Charles Follen McKim, of the design firm McKim, Mead, and White. They were undoubtedly the favorites of American architecture at the time, leading the neoclassical revival. Some of their more notable creations included (or would include) the Boston Public Library, Pennsylvania Station New York (torn down in 1966 to make way for Madison Square Garden), and 30th Street Station Philadelphia.

The only precedent for an American university inside of an urban fabric was the University of Chicago. It was designed as a series of courtyards, with enclosed rectangles working into the street grid. The three architects basically stood by that ideal in their designs. However, Haight's vision was little more than a glorified recapitulation of the 49th Street campus, and Hunt's plan was an uninspiring grouping of enclosed squares. As the Trustees were looking for something bold and daring, they had little patience for the decidedly timid submissions from Hunt and Haight. Thus, in 1893, McKim, Mead, and White were designated the chief architects of the new campus.
===The "City Beautiful"===
[[Image:italian.jpg|right|thumb|The City Beautiful]]
Charles Follen McKim's plan, perpetuated as the Master Plan, and religiously adhered to for almost three-quarters of a century, astounded and impressed the Trustees in two ways. The first, is that though McKim also worked with courtyards and squares, he also introduced the axis. McKim emulated a near-forgotten Italian conception that arose from the Renaissance called the "City Beautiful" approach. Instead of clumping buildings together in courtyards, the City Beautiful approach called for intersecting, perpendicular axes of which the most distinctive and memorable elements of the institution would be placed on or at the intersection of the axes. The two most visible axes today are the Uris-Low-Butler north-south axis, and the Earl-Low-St. Paul's east-west axis. The "City Beautiful" approach also advocated placing the most important building squarely at or near the intersection of the axes, so as to promote a vision of importance and centralism. During the Renaissance, it was the church, with houses and markets lining the streets leading up to it. In the enlightened 20th century, it was the library.

The second way the Master Plan delighted the Trustees was the sheer uniqueness of the architecture. Collegiate architecture, up to this point, had been, by definition, synonymous with Gothic, evoking the monasteries and cathedrals that were the first European universities. It was therefore both refreshing and bold for a Trustee to announce that "in attempting the Gothic we shall at once appear to be imitating the English universities, and shall thereby suggest a comparison which can scarcely fail to be unfavorable to us". New insight in hand, the Trustees quickly decided that the architecture of Greece and Rome "is the style which will appeal most to strongly to educated popular taste, and will be most likely to secure an imposing architectural effect", and who better to carry out that mission than the renowned American neoclassicists McKim, Mead, and White?

Thus the plans were drawn, and the image of Columbia University was at last fully defined. However, the campus as it stands today cannot be said to have been faithful to the aims of the Master Plan. Even thought McKim pioneered the City Beautiful uses of axes, he didn't want to eliminate the enclosed courtyard entirely. He wanted to strike a balance between what he termed the "atrium" of the campus, designed specifically to highlight its most prominent architecture, and the smaller, more intimate courtyard. Yet, on our campus today, only one such courtyard exists, the St. Paul's-Fayerweather-Schermerhorn-Avery. The other courtyards were simply left unbuilt, initially out of financial circumstance rather than changes in campus design. But, as the years progressed, the open spaces in areas like the Philosophy Lawn and the Vam Amringe Quad began to be seen as a blessing rather than a waste of space, which, in the City of New York is all but a guarantee that they will never be filled.

We owe much to McKim, Mead, and White, for they defined the Columbia University of today. They offered a bold vision of what a college in the world city of the west ought to look like, and in doing so, combined power and grace, strength and order, beauty and subtlety in a compelling vision that became the Master Plan. Yet, as much as they are lauded for the ingenious application of axes and atriums as well as the unique brand of architecture, the campus has developed virtually ignoring the other aspect of their vision, namely small, intimate courtyards. Regardless of that, Columbia University would grow and prosper according to the Master Plan, until the student riots of 1968 finally forced the Trustees to evaluate new options.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:masterplan.jpg|McKim's Master Plan
Image:masterview1.jpg|View northwest with courtyards
Image:masterview2.jpg|View northwest with courtyards
</gallery>
==Butler & His Legacy==
===South Field===
Butler was present at the formulation of the Master Plan, but his commitment to it persisted at Columbia for years after he left. One of the first things he did was, after positing the opinion that "the area of the site ... will be entirely insufficient for the work of the University in the very near future", was push for the purchase of the South Field, running from 114th to 116th Streets between Broadway and Amsterdam. Once acquired, the South Field was designated by Butler, in his continuing push to make Columbia University more of a national university that recruited students from outside New York City, to be a residential district. All this stood in stark contrast to President Low's vision of a University "in and of the city", where commuting students would return to their lives in the city after a day of classes at Columbia. All this also figured very neatly into Charles McKim's Master Plan that envisioned courtyards in the fields, providing an intimate residential setting for students. The dormitories - Hartley, Livingston (now Wallach), and Furnald - were built as money became available, but the vision of the residential courtyards was never realized.
===University Hall===
[[Image:uhall.jpg|left|thumb|University Hall]]
One of McKim's vaguest elements would turn into a thorn that would plague Columbia University until the early 1960s. During the planning phase, McKim set aside space behind Low Library for a building that would combine gymnasium, dining hall, and academic theatre, that would provide a focal point for student life. As the Master Plan matured, McKim turned his attention to designing this new University Hall. It was slated to be a magnificent neoclassical structure, complementing Low Library's academic focus with that of student life. The building plan became grander and grander, with additional features added such as the university's power and steam plant as well as a 25-yard pool, the only parts still surviving today. Construction began in 1895 with the University funding the foundations of University Hall (namely the pool and the power plant), and leaving the upper levels to be built with alumni funds. By the early twentieth century, this was akin to admitting defeat: Columbia College had been more or less permanently relegated, and Columbia never made an effort to cultivate the alumni base at all. Hence, the money never appeared.
[[Image:uhall_lib.jpg|right|thumb|University Hall Library]]
University Hall would be revisited again and again by Butler and his successors as they repeatedly evaluated and re-evaluated the building's purpose and funding in the next few decades. The most notable proposal happened in 1927, when it became clear that Low Memorial Library simply could not accommodate the needs of the rapidly growing university. Charles Williamson, Director of the Columbia University Libraries, opinioned to Butler that the conception of University Hall might be used to greater purpose as a research library. Given the priorities of the University at this time, it was a very reasonable suggestion. Williamson's proposal was sweeping in its scope, calling for the completion of University Hall and its physical merge with Low Library. The "bridge" that connected the two buildings would serve as a cavernous reading room, and the University Hall side would reach eight stories, with a stack core capable of holding six million books (Butler Library currently holds two million). In the end, the combination of the exorbitant price tag, the radical alterations needed to be made to University Hall, and the physical and technical challenges of storing books in the same facility as a power plant and a swimming pool sunk the grandiose scheme.

For the library, Butler and his administration looked towards South Field. When Low envisioned the new campus for Columbia, he stressed the necessity of a vista from which a student could look out to the city from whence he came, and would someday return to. As Morningside Heights is on a hill, the south end of the campus provided a perfect vantage point to view the city that was rapidly rising up. But by the 1930s, the row houses on 114th Street effectively blocked views of midtown and downtown. Building a research library on vacant land also provided for a much more palatable $3.5 million price tag to the chief donor, Edward Harkness. While University Hall - essentially a student center - languished unbuilt, Columbia's research library was finished in 1934, and, perhaps to silence any doubters of where the University's priorities lay, undergraduates were not even allowed in.

What happened to University Hall deserves its own saga. For a time, the University built a temporary structure at campus level to house offices and a makeshift kitchen before John Jay Dining Hall opened. During the skyscraper-building craze of the 1930s, there was even some talk of finishing University Hall as a thirty-story Art Deco skyscraper, in the style of the towers rising downtown. For the most part, the power plant, gym, and pool functioned as they continued to function today, while the University Hall foundations sat, unbuilt, for 67 years. It was the subject of annual pleas and endless embarrassment. When Percy Uris finally provided funds to finish University Hall in 1962, now renamed Uris Hall, students from the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, armed with signs blaring "WE PROTEST BAD DESIGN", "BAN THE BUILDING", and "NO MORE UGLIES", picketed its dedication. It was a sad ending to an even sadder story.

===The Science Buildings===
[[Image:120th.jpg|left|thumb|The 120th Street Laboratories]]
By the 1920s, it was clear that the University's focus on science could not be realized within the confines of Schermerhorn and Havemeyer Halls. The beginnings of Columbia's dominant strengths in physics and chemistry were hitting the physical constraints of limited lab space. For a while, Butler and his administration contented themselves by believing that extensions to Schermerhorn and Havemeyer Halls could accomodate the lab, office, and classroom space needed for the expanding science departments, and in turn constructed Chandler Laboratories (named after the first School of Mines Dean Charles Frederick Chandler) and the Schermerhorn Extension. But a combination of two factors pushed for more development. The first was that the extensions, spacious as they seemed, would inevitably be filled to capacity within a few short years.

The second was a combination of aesthetic ambition and forward-looking insight. The north end of the campus, primarily 119th to 120th Street from Broadway to Amsterdam was called, at the time, simply "The Grove". It was largely vacant and the Trustees toyed with several ideas of developing it. Before and after the purchase of South Field, dormitories were broached as a possible use of the Grove. At one point, Olmstead Brothers (the same firm that had designed Central Park) recommended a series of formal plantings and landscaping, to make the Grove a arboretum of sorts, unoccupied by ungainly academic buildings. Common sense won out eventually, and the idea of leaving the Grove vacant was quietly scrapped.

However, the question on what to do with the Grove still remained. The space was there and available for development, and the McKim Master Plan had not addressed any buildings north of University Hall. Butler, in 1926, advanced an ambitious plan, both to provide both generous space to accommodate future growth in the science departments, and, for the first time, to establish an imposing skyline for the Columbia campus. McKim, Mead, and White accommodating his wishes and responded with a plan calling for five buildings fronting 120th Street: two slender, twenty-story skyscrapers at the corners, two twelve-story structures in between, and a seventeens-story tower in the very center. The five buildings would have been dedicated exclusively to physics, chemistry, and the emerging engineering sciences.

The ambitious plans were unfortunately not realized, for a combination of reasons. The first was that there wasn't a need - yet - of the ambitious scale of the proposed buildings. Second was the difficulty of reconciling the neoclassical construction and detail of the structures with the very real structural and physical demands of a laboratory building. Simply put, the amount of reinforcement and protection required by the laboratories made McKim's trademark cornicing and detail work exorbitantly expensive to implement. Finally, the cost of the plan, which seemed to grow endlessly, combined with the relative lack of need, committed all but one building to remain permanently on the drawing board. The one structure that did get built, Pupin Physics Laboratories, very adequately served the needs of the rapidly rising Department of Physics for the next few decades.

As for the rest of the skyline, the Seeley W. Mudd Building, home of the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, was completed at the corner of 120th and Amsterdam in 1961, reviled then as now as a glorified cinder block. The space in the center stood vacant for years while the Trustees toyed with the idea of erecting a diminutive art gallery there, before accommodating Pegram Laboratories, a modest structure adjoining Pupin Hall that housed a particle accelerator. That was demolished in 1955 and again stood vacant until 1992 when the Schapiro Center for Engineering and Physical Science Research was built. In this case, there was at last an attempt (although to what degree of success is still a matter of contention) to use McKim's vision as a guideline, visible in its limestone facade, Harvard brick lining, contextual roofing material, and generally faithful shape, in stark contrast to the banal and uninspiring Mudd Building and Uris Hall that ignored, if not insulted, McKim's Master Plan.
===The Riverside Park Stadium===
[[Image:stadium.jpg|right|thumb|Riverside Park Stadium]]
Perhaps it is a fortunate thing for Columbia University's leadership that so little is known about the Riverside Park Stadium because the sheer scale of what might have been might provoke riots. Here are the facts, such as they are. McKim, Mead, and White never considered a stadium in their Master Plan, but a widely circulated drawing of a stadium by Palmer and Hornbostel to be placed at the foot of 116th Street, fronting the Hudson River has, time and time again, fired the popular imagination. The structure was a majestic neoclassical creation, reminiscent of the Circus Maximus in Rome, with marble statues and symbols lining the sides. No information on how many people it seated or what sports it could have hosted is given, but the architectural drawing indicates a track, and not one, but two playing fields. Additionally, a boathouse would have been constructed in the vicinity, and due to the fact that it literally fronted the Hudson River, docks were placed at both ends for aquatic sports.

What happened to this gem of gems is history. Columbia University secured permission from the City of New York to build on that patch of land in 1906. Football had been banned, ostensibly for "rowdiness", the previous year. The College, which the stadium would have almost exclusively served, made up less than 20% of University enrollments, and did not even have its own building yet (Hamilton Hall would not be built until 1907). For the stadium to have been built with University funds would have been akin to the University renouncing the notion, set in motion by Barnard, and followed up by Low and Butler, that the University's priorities lay with the graduate and professional faculties. For the stadium to have been built with alumni funds would have been a flight of pure fancy, as University Hall's checkered history of sitting unbuilt for 67 years waiting for alumni funds can more than attest to, combined with the College alumni's general (and justified) mistrust that the University would misappropriate their donations for other purposes.

With football returning in 1915, the University would again and again, in the next decade, look for a venue to place its sports facilities. For the time being, they placed a temporary facility in the middle of South Field, with a track and grandstands running around the edge. Columbia's much lauded legends like Lou Gehrig played in those temporary facilities. By 1923, Baker Field Stadium was up and running, but it was not until the mid-1960s that the last aspects of the South Field athletic facilities were finally torn down. However, the idea of a stadium that wasn't five miles away continued to fire the popular and professional imagination. In 1931, Max Abramovitz, who would later go on to design the International Affairs Building, the Law School, and the United Nations, submitted what was possibly the last gasp for a Riverside Park Stadium. It was located near the site of Palmer and Hornbostel's stadium, but scaled back in size (one field only), scope (as it did not front the river, crew was not accommodated), and aesthetics (much less detailed than Palmer and Hornbostel's creation). Again, it based the same problems as did Palmer and Hornbostel, with the additional challenge that a fully functional stadium for Columbia University's athletics, albeit five miles away, already existed.

The Riverside Park Stadium is, like University Hall, another great missed opportunity that we only recognize with the 20/20 vision that comes with regretful hindsight. But, in those days, the University's priorities clearly lay elsewhere. Instead of the twenty-minute trip to Baker Field and the monolithic eyesore that is Uris Hall, the grandiose yet unrealized plans for improving student life, such as the stadii and buildings that never (or partially) got off the drawing board, are perhaps the most painful reminder of what might have been and the clearest indicator of how different from our present Alma Mater was the Columbia University of yesteryear.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:ulib_plan.jpg|University Hall Library
Image:uplans.jpg|University Hall plans
Image:usky.jpg|Uris skyscraper proposal
Image:usky2.jpg|Uris skyscraper proposal
Image:picketers.jpg|Architecture students protest Uris
Image:stadiumplans1.jpg|Palmer and Hornbostel Stadium
Image:stadiumplans2.jpg|Abramovitz stadium
</gallery>
==The Kirk Empire==
===A New World===
The departure of Nicholas Murray Butler left the University headless and flailing. The Trustees, all of whom became Trustees under Butler's reign, were suddenly thrust into a power vacuum that they never experienced before - the domineering, micromanaging Butler had led the University in setting policy, pursuing agendas, hiring faculty, and the like for over forty years. Their next choice of President, Dwight Eisenhower, is pointed by some to be an indication that the Trustees needed a breather to learn and perform their functions again. Indeed, Dwight Eisenhower did not disappoint as even the most generous observers labeled his tenure a "part-time" Presidency.

When the ascension of Grayson Kirk to the Presidency, Columbia was once again under visionary, academic, and activist leadership. Kirk joined Columbia during the closing years of the Butler imperium and served as Provost under Eisenhower. Although Kirk was not present during Columbia's Golden Age in the early twentieth century, he certainly felt the full effects that World War II had upon academia. No longer the cloistered Ivory Tower of bespectacled academics, universities were now called upon to contribute to the scientific, economic, and technological needs of the nation. Hence, bigger was better. The biggest universities, the biggest labs, the biggest faculties, the biggest research grants. Public universities experienced their first take-off, as did institutional behemoths-to-be like Stanford.
===Post-War Buildup===
Back on Morningside Heights, Grayson Kirk, recognizing the inadequacies of thirty-six acres on Morningside Heights as well as the new face of academia that was defined by the Cold War, began to formulate a new plan to revitalize and expand Columbia's physical plant. The last building, Butler Library, completed in 1934, served its function, but the burgeoning spate of new demands and new roles taken up by universities after World War II necessitated an even greater expansion, intellectually and physically.

The first vestiges of a wide-scale government-academic partnership grew out of the Second World War, where Columbia was the fourth-largest recipient of Federal funds. But the looming threat of a Soviet Empire cemented this partnership, one that survives and thrives to this very day. During the war, aesthetics fell by the wayside as functionality determined the order of the day. After the war, with the threat of an even greater war, that sentiment remained.

The International Affairs Building and the Law School (now Jerome Greene Hall) were the first buildings to rise on the area known as East Campus, which the Trustees and the President ignored for the past twenty years. The IAB took in Columbia's expanding School of International Affairs, and the Law School finally allowed the Law Faculty to evacuate the crowded and restrictive Kent Hall for more spacious quarters.

In the mid-1950s, with the acceleration of the Cold War and the beginning of the space race, the Engineering School, restricted for years in Mathematics Hall, was suddenly subjected to new attention both from Low Library and from Washington. To compete with the Soviet Union in technological revolution that was to come, it needed far more space than McKim could have possibly imagined. For some time, it considered relocating to Riverside Drive and starting a separate complex of buildings. By 1958, the proponents of physical compactness won out, and Voorhees, Walker, Smith, & Smith submitted drawings for the Seeley W. Mudd Engineering Building. It was, in the spirit of the 1950s, and like any other engineering built at any other university campus, cold, utilitarian, but extremely functional, and was designed with only two purposes in mind: to create as much lab space to carry out the research work against the Soviet threat as possible, and to create as much lecture space to train the engineers who would carry out the research work against the Soviet threat as possible.

Meanwhile, on the south end of campus, the first undergraduate structure to be erected since John Jay Hall was coming to fruition. It wasn't built, however, out of a desire to house students. Columbia had a somewhat justified reputation as a commuter college, and undergraduates, for the most part, contented themselves with living in the area, off campus (it was not until the late 1980s that Columbia could offer four years' worth of housing to all undergraduates). It was built because Columbia had the good fortune to recieve a donation from the Booth family for a student center at the same time as it was approved to recieve a loan from the Federal Housing and Home Agency for dormitory housing. Thus, Columbia built the Carman/Ferris Booth complex, but as a stipulation of the loan to construct Ferris Booth, the FHHA strictly forbade a link between the dorm and the student center, a condition adhered to even today in Alfred Lerner Hall.

The results of Kirk's building frenzy, which finished with the picketed Uris Hall in 1961, are generally disdained. In all of the structures, there was no attempt made to imitate or even to respect McKim's themes, or to consider what impact their scale, shapes, and angles would have on the rest of the campus. Commentary was likewise acerbic: the Law School was promptly labeled a "toaster", Carman Hall's corridor-style living arrangements were referred to as a "Victorian reformatory", Mudd was "a brick". As for Uris Hall, donor (and Trustee) Percy Uris called it a "fine building, completely suitable". Everyone else saw it as the "final assassination of McKim's ambitions".

Perhaps nothing is more telling as to general student, faculty, and public attitudes to this period than an event that occurred in 1961. Radio station WKCR invited Architecture Professor Percival Goodman to comment on the recent surge of building. What he said to this day remains a mystery, because the Columbia administration promptly confiscated those tapes.
===Remaking Morningside Heights===
While Kirk led the Trustees to building after building, he knew that the rapidly filling campus would not be able to keep pace with his institutional ambitions. As early as 1960, he began looking off campus in one of the most wide-ranging expansion ever considered in Columbia's history to that point. Perhaps he was also goaded on by a oft-told failed opportunity in the annals of Columbia history, where financier J. Pierpont Morgan advised Butler that there was no need to buy up all the land around Columbia in the early 1900s because the land would, presumably, always be there for the taking. While he built on-campus, he never took his eye off the big picture of when it was no longer desirable to crowd the thirty-six acre patch any further.

By 1961, the University subscribed to a plan set forth by the city for urban renewal in the Morningside Heights area. It's objectives were vague, but it could already be seen that the University's actions would be like nothing it had ever attempted before. The tittering grew louder as Columbia, through the early to mid-1960s, purchased every inch of real estate it could in the area. When the University, for the first time, launched a largest-in-academic-history capital campaign with the goal of $200 million, it was no longer deniable that Kirk's brainchild would be nothing short of revolutionary.

Under pressure from an increasingly nervous community and an increasingly curious student body, the Trustees released a preliminary map of the goals of the $200 million campaign. In it, the University would have annexed every city block (and closed off to traffic) south to 111th Street. It was the ultimate culmination of McKim's ambitions and Butler's legacy.

[[Image:1966plan.jpg|center|thumb|The 1966 Plan]]

Information on what this expansion would have entailed is sketchy at best, as no definite architectural plans or renderings were drawn up for any of the buildings - the map was an early conception of a project lasting a decade or more. The only publication put forth by the administration was a lengthy pamphlet describing the needs and goals of such an expansion, written for fundraising purposes, with little in the way of specifics. The pamphlet itself focused on two aspects of expansion that would, presumably, garner the most attention. The first is undergraduate life; the second is science.

===Expanding Columbia College===
Even though it ostensibly focuses much attention on undergraduate needs, that too must be qualified. The justification for expanding Columbia College, as laid out in the pamphlet, was simply to "enlarge the reservoir of potential Ph.D.'s and professional men". The Butler-era conception of the College as a feeder gymnasium into the professional schools was still largely at work.

====The Columbia College Library====

At this point in time, Butler Library was still a closed-stack library, and still geared almost exclusively to the graduate and professional schools. The one part Columbia College students were allowed to use is today's Room 209, the long reading room with the stained-glass portrait of Peter Stuyvesant. All other parts were simply off-limits.

Recognizing that the Columbia College Library was operating over capacity, the plan envisioned an extension of Butler Library across 114th Street that would accommodate undergraduates, undergraduates doing advanced research work, as well as, of course, first-year graduate students. The map suggests a 75% increase in the size of Butler Library, but actual architectural plans were never drawn up.

The Columbia College Library, as envisioned, would have accommodated 300,000 volumes in open stacks, and hosted 2,000 individual study spaces. The facility would have been air conditioned and made provisions for "individualized electronic equipment".

====The Undergraduate Residential College====

Recognizing the reality of having not nearly enough housing to accommodate all undergraduates (and perhaps also goaded by Low Library to increase enrollments to keep pace with the rest of the Ivy League), the plans also showed a residential college arrangement of buildings stretching from 114th to 111th Street. Details on this are even scantier than on the Library, but the new structures would have housed at least 2,000 students - the entire incoming freshmen and sophomore class of the projected expansion to 4,000 students from 2,700. They would have also included "dining halls, guest quarters, library studies, exercise rooms, and rooms for music and art".
===Developing the Grove===
It's easy to assume that the buildings on the north end of campus have always been there. But the truth is, the majority of those structures did not exist until 1980. When Kirk looked north from Low Library, he only saw Pupin Hall and the monolithic Mudd Building. The possibilities and needs for expansion were tantalizing.

====Biological Sciences====

Columbia's strengths in the life sciences faltered somewhat during the afternoon on the Hudson, but the field itself, neglected in favor of war-time research, was excellently positioned to take part in the wide-scale flowering of academia as the world returned to normal. The Biology and Chemistry departments, cramped into Havemeyer and Schermerhorn Halls (barely abetted by extensions), found themselves competing for space with newly-prominent interdisciplinary studies. Proper laboratory facilities for the new era of life science research were simply not to be had in the venerable but aging McKim creations.

The plans made room for a new Biological Sciences building, which would house Biology, Psychology, and the emerging interdisciplinary studies. It would have stood in where is now the Schapiro CEPSR (which is dedicated to physical, rather than life sciences). By the time it was finally built as the Sherman Fairchild Center for Life Sciences in 1977, it was ingeniously moved in front of Mudd to provided the bland facade with a modicum of respectability.

====Science Auditorium====

A very interesting proposal put forth was the Science Auditorium. The justification for such an auditorium was that as the University increased enrollments, it would become prohibitively expensive to duplicate scientific demonstrations in science lectures. The auditorium would have been one facility, designed to accommodate physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering lectures. It would have also provided laboratory space. The hall would have seated at least 400 students and would have been located in what is now the Levien Gym.

====Science Library====

A unified science library, then, as now, was and is long overdue. Because the bulk of Columbia's holdings in history and the humanities are housed in Butler, the science departments had to make do with departmental libraries. Over time, periodical literature overlapped, and finding what one needed before the age of computers often necessitated traveling to half a dozen or more libraries. Moreover, a growing debate arose over where to store journals that weren't in the traditional fields of science, such as biochemistry.

The new science library would have combined the University's holdings in science journals under one roof - serving as, in effect, as the science counterpart to Butler. It would have eliminated needless duplication, and freed up much-needed space to the respective departments, as well as provided a single destination for science researchers. It also would have been the first wide-scale application of "the new computer technology" to be put to use for the "rapid retrieval of information" in a Columbia library system.

The location for the new library would have been where the Pupin tennis courts now stand. However, the need for a unified science (and now engineering) hasn't decreased; on the contrary, it has been exacerbated by the rapidly changing nature of science. Fortunately, the new unified science library will still be built. Groundbreaking is tentatively scheduled for 2008.

===The Morningside Park Gymnasium===
[[Image:morningsidegym.jpg|left|thumb|The Morningside Park Gymnasium]]
Perhaps no building has generated as much fame and infamy as Columbia's ill-fated Morningside Park Gymnasium. Issue was first raised by Trustee Harold G. McGuire, a genuine College Believer, over the inadequacies of the University Hall Gym, which at that time consisted of the Blue Gym and the Uris Pool. On the south end of the campus, the Trustees hesitated at encroaching on any of the treasured open space. On the north end of campus, what little space remained was promised to the science and engineering departments.

Morningside Park was not so much the logical choice as it was the only choice. The planning process went without a hitch at first, but the traditionally undergraduate-unfriendly and fiscally cautious Trustees refused to commit to building a gymnasium until all the funds had been raised by alumni - a tactic used by Butler to endlessly defer University Hall. Community groups, welcoming the prospect of a gym in Morningside Park at first, gradually cooled their enthusiasms and upped their demands as seven long years dragged by with no progress in sight.

The Gym itself was built off the cliff formed by Morningside Drive and Morningside Park at 113th Street, designed by Eggers & Higgins, was a $9 million structure that was, in reality, two gyms. On top would be the gym for Columbia College (and only Columbia College) undergraduates. On the bottom was a gym for the community. Columbia was no stranger in Morningside Park - it had previously coordinated summer baseball games. But the gym was not without its flaws. Faculty and College administration united in deciding that College funds would be better put to use elsewhere. Many of the athletic coaches even labeled the gym's layout as unsuitable.

As the delays wore on and on, mainly because of administrative fiscal caution and student apathy, the permit to build in the Park, hailed as a pioneering public-private partnership when it was granted, became an embarassment to the city, as city officials quietly urged Columbia to build the gym, and opposition politicians quickly found a sticking point from which to oppose the establishment. And as the permit came up for review each time, the community groups tacked on more and more stringent demands, finally exacting an Olympic-sized pool and a vastly expanded basketball arena out of the increasingly frustrated Trustees.

When the Trustees finally authorized the construction of the gymnasium, largely under tremendous pressure from all directions, it was already February of 1968. Two months later, student protests shut down the campus.

===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:specplan.jpg|Columbia Spectator Overview
Image:campuswithgym.jpg|Campus with built gym
Image:southfieldgym-eggers.jpg|Variant of gym after 1968 riots
</gallery>
==Aftershocks of '68==
===Unwelcome Positions===
To characterize the aftershocks of 1968 as only recently exorcised is accurate in terms of architectural, and for a large part, institutional standing. The effects of 1968 deeply wounded the University as star faculty took flight, alumni tightened their purse strings, and the idea of conducting research on a campus taken over by radicals like Mark Rudd seemed less than palatable. Columbia would not restore its academic standing, establish its financial strength, or recover its institutional profile for over two decades. It's campus and architectural endeavors, however, have only been recovered this past year.
===I. M. Pei===
Why Trustees hired Pei is a something of a mystery - the architect was had not yet reached the level of prominence he holds today, and had never worked with neoclassical design before. There are two explanations for this: one is the compelling explanation, and the other is the cynical explanation which I have learned through informal interviews.

The compelling explanation is that Pei was hired out of a genuine and pressing need to re-evaluate the McKim, Mead, and White Master Plan. Columbia University, to McKim, was simply a study in building placement and construction. By the late 1960s, it had become a question of land usage, land zoning, affordable housing, community boards, and many other local and city-level concerns that simply didn't exist when Morningside Heights was rural farmland.

The cynical explanation is that the Trustees hired I. M. Pei because they knew of his eclectic tastes and surmised that his designs would not be greeted with enthusiasm. They needed someone to shield them from the still-simmering community and alumni backlash. Finally, they needed to illustrate why expanding off campus, while momentarily undesirable, was the only choice left. The cynics point to facts like the budget the Trustees saddled Pei with, the autonomy they granted him in dealing with the community, their failure to support him when community group and student alike began expressing their contempt for his plan, his rather indignant resignation, and his refusal, to this day, to talk about or to Columbia University.

From the outset, Pei was forced into a difficult position. As an architect, he was tasked by the University to talk to community groups and solicit input over what would be appropriate architectural planning. Pei was quite unprepared for the many additional layers of meaning that had in Morningside Heights. The problems were exacerbated by Pei's reluctance to take a stand on issues outside of architecture, such as zoning, gentrification, and the Morningside Gym.

In any case, it is universally agreed that his plans, carried through to fruition, would have fundamentally altered the face of the campus.
===The Pei Master Plan===
The I. M. Pei Master Plan, eschewing McKim's conceptions of atria and openness, opted for what he called "intensive use of the land", meaning precisely that. The campus would be built on and developed to its maximum appropriate usage. It also made no attempt whatsoever to contextualize within the McKim plan, preferring a coherent series of well-designed (eg. as opposed to Uris) contrasts.
====The South Campus====
[[Image:southfieldtower.jpg|right|thumb|South Field tower from John Jay]]
Pei's plans for South Field are the most memorable parts of his plan. The picture of the slender twin towers rising out of where McKim's planned inner rank of dormitories would have stood are circulated far and wide. The buildings, at twenty-three stories each, would have housed faculty and administrative offices, not student quarters, and would have faced each other across from South Field. Pei also suggested the unpopular notion of curtailing the width of the South Field, implying, of all things, that it was too big!

The usages of the twin towers mirrored Pei's sense of purpose and utility. Faculty and administrative offices had been spread throughout the McKim pavilions depriving them of their proper usage, namely to serve as classroom space. Pei wanted to concentrate faculty and administration into the two towers. Two notions, that faculty preferred having offices close to where they taught, and that students, especially those of the inebriated variety, might not take kindly to hundreds of administrators and professors just steps from their dormitories were not considered.
[[Image:peiconcourse.jpg|left|thumb|South Field underground concourse]]
The second aspect of Pei's plans for South Field was to literally hollow it out. Part of the April Fool's cover for the 1967 Spectator was a headline blaring that the University intended to hollow out South Field for use as a gymnasium. It became reality in Pei's plan. It wasn't the first, however. Eggers & Higgins, after the Morningside Park fiasco, hurriedly prepared plans for a multi-level gymnasium underground near South Field. However, the aftereffects of the 1968 protests had rendered Kirk, Eggers & Higgins, and for a time, the very concept of a Columbia gymnasium (there is a reason our present gymnasium is called a "Physical Fitness Center"), politically and practically impossible.

Pei did not want to devote the South Field exclusively to a gym. It would be a five-level underground facility that would house a Columbia College Library, a gymnasium complete with pool, running track, and multiple basketball courts, a bookstore, lounges, meeting rooms, a post office, and a student center. The idea of connecting the underground facility with the 116th Street subway station was even floated.
====The North Campus====
On the north end of the campus, in what remained of the Grove, Pei's plans remained no less startling. Pei, committed to his ideas about density, suggested a radical approach to constructing the still-unbuilt, yet much-needed laboratories. Engineering at Columbia, having been hit hard by the take-offs of institutions like M.I.T., Caltech, Stanford, and Berkeley, sooner found even the spacious Mudd to be limiting. Pei proposed that the Engineering School to be expanded to fill in the space between Mudd and Schermerhorn along Amsterdam, in effect, turning Mudd into an L-shape building and forming an airshaft by Mudd, Schermerhorn, and Fairchild.

Immediately north of Uris Hall, however, was Pei's most radical creation of all. A new chemistry facility, which would house the department (and leave Havemeyer Hall to less lab-based academic work) would rise, overhanging the circular Uris Hall Library. The new building would be shaped like a long rectangular box, and rest on a shorter box of lesser proportions. In it's length, it would almost reach entirely cross-campus. Pei also revisited the idea of a science library on the site of the present site of the Pupin tennis courts but his design there is much more conventional.
===Breakdown===
The breakdown of the Universty's working relationship with Pei can be attributed to a variety of factors, most of all communication. Pei insisted on complete autonomy, but that autonomy led him to experience, first hand, the wrath and frustration of neighborhood groups. The University's reluctance to back him made these problems so bad that Pei soon referred to them as "embarassing". Moreover, and this is where the cynics draw their biggest arguments, Pei's plans were pretty pictures but shockingly unrealistic.

The concentrated presence of faculty and administrators in the twin towers on South Field would have negatively affected student dynamics. The scale of the towers and the size of the new chemistry facility would have casted many unwanted shadows on campus and would have only succeeded in fencing off the student population more. Furthermore, the extravagant cost of the South Field scheme, estimated at $35 million, was greater than Columbia's total debt at a time when the University was running regular deficits. It simply could not have been paid for.

Finally, what made Pei's plans ultimately unacceptable were not just that they were unrealistic, but that they were not Columbia. A city like New York is not conducive to physically integrous entities like Columbia University. Witness the spate of colleges forced to decentralize and spread out: NYU, Fordham, Pace, and the like. Yet Columbia's governing authorities, in 1755, in 1784, in 1787, in 1857, in 1894, again, again, and again rejected the idea that Columbia would operate as anything but an academic community, intellectually and physically.

One of Pei's loudest and most persistent calls was for Columbia to decentralize move units of the University to other parts of the city, "in order to permit growth of those with must remain on the Heights". As late as 1970, the members of the University Senate were considering even moving the College outside of the city. On June 30, 1970, Pei, completely fed up with waffling on behalf of the administration, increasingly hostile receptions at community functions, the general lack of enthusiasm for his creations, as well as the just-uncovered news of the state of University finances which almost certainly relegated his creations to the drafting board, resigned, stating, "Columbia must now weigh priorities".

Pei's visions could not have become reality. Pei was unsuited to deal with the unique demands of New York City real estate. Pei's architecture was a drastic, albeit consistent, contrast to McKim's neoclassical wonders. Pei's creations soon became synonymous with financial suicide. Finally, Pei's vision of Columbia was not the Columbia of the ages. An interesting partnership and many interesting ideas were floated, but it was one doomed from the start. Perhaps it is fitting that the only one of Pei's ideas to become reality was also the least visible one: the underground extension of the Avery Architectural Library and the underground facility holding the Avery Fine Arts Library.
===Return to Sanity===
Following Pei's resignation, and the ascension of McGill to the Presidency, Columbia could finally begin to look forward. The lessons of 1968 had been ingrained on a University that, previously, could expand at will. But I. M. Pei's plans also impressed upon the apocryphal naysayers of the impracticality of remaining permanently fenced in. Something had to be done, but Columbia's institutional house had to first be put in order.

McGill put the finances back on track, and the following President, Michael Sovern, had firsthand experience of 1968, having served as Chair of the Executive Committee of the Faculty. Sovern established the financial strength by finally selling off Rockefeller Center. Sovern also began the unpalatable task of filling in what few spaces were left of the campus. To his credit, the buildings erected were deemed to be, if not completely acceptable, then at least far better than what went up during Kirk's building frenzy. Some, like both the Schapiro dormitory and the Schapiro CEPSR and the Computer Science Building, even garnered praise. Others, like the Uris Extension, sought to soften the blow of Kirk's rather banal legacy.

By 1994, it was universally agreed that Columbia had made huge strides and had largely exorcised the ghosts of 1968. Yet the with the recovery of the University's academic, financial, and institutional standing, the need to expand became pressing once more. The task would fall to a new President with a bold new vision for what Columbia University could be.
===Related Images===
<gallery>
Image:pei-plan.jpg|The I. M. Pei Master Plan
Image:towers.jpg|The infamous towers
Image:pei-underground.jpg|Detail of underground
Image:pei-aerial.jpg|Aerial view of campus
</gallery>
==Manhattanville==
See [[Manhattanville campus]].

[[Category:Campuses]]
[[Category:Morningside Heights campus]]
[[Category:Campus buildings]]

ATMs in Morningside Heights

2007-03-11T23:37:14Z

Rab2148:

* Banco Popular on Broadway at 111th St
* Bank of America on Broadway at 107th St
* Chase on Broadway at 109th St
* Chase on Broadway at 113th St
* [[Morningside Heights campus]]: Citibank ATMs on 2nd floor of [[Lerner Hall]] next to [[Cafe 212]]
* Citibank on the 4th floor (street level) of the [[International Affairs Building]]
* Citibank on Broadway at 111th Street
* [[Morton Williams]] gives cash back; just buy a pack of gum with your card and ask for $20 back
* Washington Mutual on Broadway at 112th St
* [[Barnard College]]: ground floor of [[Barnard Hall]]
* [[Teacher's College]]: basement student lounge of main hall
* [[Interchurch Center]]: entrance lobby

[[Category:Student services]]

ATMs in Morningside Heights

2007-03-11T23:26:35Z

Rab2148:

* Banco Popular on Broadway at 111th St
* Bank of America on Broadway at 107th St
* Chase on Broadway at 109th St
* Chase on Broadway at 113th St
* [[Morningside Heights campus]]: Citibank ATMs on 2nd floor of [[Lerner Hall]] next to [[Cafe 212]]
* Citibank on the 4th floor (street level) of the [[International Affairs Building]]
* Citibank on Broadway at 111th Street
* [[Morton Williams]] gives cash back; just buy a pack of gum with your card and ask for 20 back
* Washington Mutual on Broadway at 112th St
* [[Barnard College]]: ground floor of [[Barnard Hall]]
* [[Teacher's College]]: basement student lounge of main hall
* [[Interchurch Center]]: entrance lobby

[[Category:Student services]]

ATMs in Morningside Heights

2007-03-11T23:25:40Z

Rab2148:

* Banco Popular on Broadway at 111th St
* Bank of America on Broadway at 107th St
* Chase on Broadway at 109th St
* Chase on Broadway at 113th St
* [[Morningside Heights campus]]: Citibank ATMs on 2nd floor of [[Lerner Hall]] next to [[Cafe 212]]
* Citibank on the 4th floor (street level) of the [[International Affairs Building]]
* Citibank on Broadway at 111th Street
* Morton-Williams gives cash back; just buy a pack of gum with your card and ask for 20 back
* Washington Mutual on Broadway at 112th St
* [[Barnard College]]: ground floor of [[Barnard Hall]]
* [[Teacher's College]]: basement student lounge of main hall
* [[Interchurch Center]]: entrance lobby

[[Category:Student services]]